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:

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. [16, 25, 26, 57, 62], , , . , [1, 15, 22, 24, 45, 56, 62, 64, 68]. , . , , (. 1).

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,

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. , . , , 2, . .

, . , [15, p. 87; 20, p. 128; 23, p. 243; 43, p. 543-544; 56, p. 112]. , [62, p. 104]. [23, p. 243; 56, p. 112]. . , [45, p. 325], [20, p. 127]. , . , . . , " , , " [68, p. 148]. , : "". . . [50], . . [4], . . , , " , " [62, p. 87]. . , . -, (" , ?"). -, , (" ?"). , , [15, p. 87-88]. , . , . , , , . . . 80- . . , , , , . , , , , [68, p. 149-152]. . . , , , [62, p. 108]. " " , , . , , , .

, . : " , , " [56, p. 117]. , ? , ? , , ? , , . , , . . , . , , .

, (. 1).

. 1.

. , , . , , . , . . , , . , . : , . , , . . . . . , : [2, p. 4]. ; . (. 2).

. 2.

, , . , . . , . , , , [77]. [78, . 225], . , . , , , " ". ( ), . : " / / " 3 3.

"" 2001 . . (. 2), , . , " " , . : 30 ( ) 35 60 ( ). 42 : 25 17 . , 29%, . 45 (σ=16,48).

2

N
, , ? (! , . .) 16
, , , ? 17
, , , . , , . 20
, , , . , , . 21
. , ? 23
. ? 25
. ? 26
" ", ? 44
. , , ? 49

, . ( , , ) , . .. : " , , " [78, . 205]. ? ? ? , , , .

. " " ", , " " ", : , , ( 3). 80 , 23% . , : " . ", " ", " ". : 137 , 39% . , . :

: ?

: , , , , , , , . .

, " " :

: , ().

: - ? ?

: .

79 , 22% . , , , , - :

: . , - . . , , . . , , , ().

, :

: , . . , .

: ?

: .

: ?

: , .

58 , 16% . :

: , , , , , .

: , .

: - ?

: -, - .

: .

: -, , .

" " . , , . , . , . , , , . : 53% , 43% , . 24%, 19%, 14% (2=36,685 p<0,000). :

: ?

: . , . (). , . .

, , . - . , " " : -, 45% ( 27%); -, . : 45% , 41%, 42% (χ2=0,500; p<0,779).

3

-
0 2 1% 1%
1 117 33% 34%
2 74 21% 55%
3 56 16% 70%
4 28 8% 78%
5 21 6% 84%
6 16 5% 89%
7 17 5% 94%
8 7 2% 95%
9 4 1% 97%
10 2 1% 97%
11 2 1% 98%
12 2 1% 98%
13 1 0% 99%
14 1 0% 99%
19 1 0% 99%
21 1 0% 99%
24 2 1% 100%
: 354 100%

( ) 12% 29% (χ2=5,390; p<0,020). . -, " " , " " . -, , . -, , , . , , 33% , 70% (. 3).

, : , , . , , . (F=85,994; p<0,000), , , (. 4). 12% , .

4

80 1,15 0,36
137 2,10 0,79
58 1,86 0,78
79 2,90 0,71
: 354 2,03 0,91

, , , , 70% . , . , 35% , 44% , 20% 2% . , , , , - . , [56, 68].

. 4, 5, , , [76, . 27]. . , , , , , , [81, . 330]. , [51]. . : (1) , (2) , (2) , (4) (5) [65, p. 203]. , , . . , .

[32, p. 195]. , , . , . , . , , . 9% , , 17% (χ2=2,979; p<0,084); , , 31% 54% (χ2=8,08; p<0,004); 16% 32% (χ2=5,815; p<0,016). (. 5), , .

5

6

( " ") ( " ")
% % % %
27 9% 7 17% 10 11% 35 18%
98 31% 22 54% 40 43% 67 34%
51 16% 13 32% 14 15% 58 30%
81 26% 9 22% 9 10% 34 17%
152 49% 22 54% 61 65% 114 58%

. , , ( ); , " " ( ); , , , ( ). , . . , . . [32, p. 102]:

, ?

?

?

19 ?

19 ?

19 ?

(. 6), , .

6

-

49 32 49 34 164
18 64 4 22 108
13 41 5 23 82
80 137 58 79 354

; ; . (3% ), , 34 (33%). , 62% ( ) (χ2=53,730; p<0,000). , , . [12]. , , , , . . , , , . , . , , [80, . 18]. , , , . . , [68, p. 11]. , , , . , 7. [1, 21, 22, 58], , . 8 . . 4 9.

. 4.

354 (177) - . 180 (51% ) . " " , : (. 7). : "" , "" , , "!!!" , , "" , . , , , , , , [13].

710

0,502 0,009
0,627 0,185
0,722 0,259
0,704 0,191
0,114 0,960

(. . 6), , , . : (χ2=1,436; p<0,488), (χ2=0,857; p<0,652), (χ2=0,264; p<0,876), (χ2=0,883; p<0,643) (χ2=0,817; p<0,665) . , , , . , ( 16, 17) (. 5).

( 20), ( 21)11. , , (. 8): 20- 34%, 38% , 21- 22% 24%, . , 53% 62% , . 16- 17- , , , : 5% 2%, 12% 6%, 5% 2%, 22% 24%. , 16- 17- 4% 30% , .

8

16 2 37 2 41
17 5 27 9 41
20 17 10 14 41
21 26 6 9 41
23 2 39 41
25 1 39 1 41
26 13 26 2 41
44 4 22 26
49 11 30 41
81 236 37 354

. . . , : " , " [17, p. 229]. , , . , (χ2=0,904; p<0,824). , (F=16,746; p<0,000): 37% , 19%. , . , . , (χ2=2,757; p<0,431). , , : 27% :

: - ?

: , .

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. , , : ", - ? ? , ... ...". , , [56, p. 113]. , , . (23-, 49-) 47 , 57% ; (25-, 26-, 44-) 71 66%; (16-, 17-, 20-, 21-) 80% (. 9). , .

9

N
(1 ..) (2-3 ..) (4-7 ..) ( 8 ..)
16 18 16 7 41
17 5 24 11 1 41
20 18 12 9 2 41
21 26 12 2 1 41
23 6 10 18 7 41
25 6 17 15 3 41
26 17 15 5 4 41
44 4 12 8 2 26
49 19 12 7 3 41
: 119 130 82 23 354

, , : , . , : , . . , . . , , , [32, p. 102]. (1) (2) 12 .

, , . [24, p. 74]. , , , . . : " , , , " [40, p. 443]. . . , , [69]. , , , [32, p. 104], . , , [41, p. 156].

, (20-, 21-) (25-, 26-) : , ; , , , , . (. . 9). , , . (. . 8). (4 41), , , , . , , . , , , : " , ?"; " , ?". . . , , ; , [68, p. 213], , .

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.

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. . , , , [30]. . , , 13. , , . , . ? ? , , ? , : , , .

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77% 14. , 90% , 51% , 44% 13% 15. 43% , , 19% , 34% 4% . 104 119 , 87%, . , (. 10).

10

,
0 78 78 78 78
1 15 104 114 8 112 7 116
2 14 39 37 16 39 14 16 37
3 94 4 90 88 6 2 92
4 10 10 10 10
: 107 247 233 121 317 37 212 142

, : 81% , 61% (χ2=12,423; p<0,000). . , , , , . , : 58% , 65%. , . , , . , . (23%) (77%) , , , . , : 35% , 20%, 12%, (χ2=22,319; p<0,000). ( 36% 30%), 9% 11% (χ2=24,642; p<0,000). . , , , . . , . -, : 28% , 3%. -, , . , , " ". 11% , . (" , . "), , ("", " ", " ", " ()"). , 51 130 " " . , 39% (. 11).

11

79 1 80
40 96 1 137
6 1 51 58
5 32 25 17 79
130 130 77 17 354

, " ", 78% . , ( ), : ", , ... "; " "; " ... (). , .".

: .

: .

: .

:

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: .

: ... .

. , 20- : ", , , , . . , , . . . ..." , , , . , . . , , . , 16.

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: ...

: ...

: ...

: ...

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: " "17. . : " , , . , . ()"; : " , ". 23% , . , : 37% ; 16%, 25% (χ2=11,465; p<0,003). (χ2=5,512; df=8 p<0,702), (χ2=0,904; df=3 p<0,824). , , - . , , , . , , 18. . . , , 19, [7].

, 40% 32% (. 10). . 17 32 , , 11 , . , 25- :

: , (), . .

: .

: , .

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: .

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: .

: . .

: .

: . . .

: .

: , , ... . . , ?

. , . , , 20. (. ) , , , . : 67% , 90%, 10% (. 12).

12

1 237 67% 67%
2 57 16% 83%
3 27 8% 90%
4 20 6% 96%
5 7 2% 98%
6 3 1% 99%
7 3 1% 100%
: 354 100%

kt:

,

:

Wt ,

St .

69% ( =0,31) . , 0,45 ( =0,24), 0,65 ( =0,32), 0,69 ( =0,31). (kt .=0,92;  =0,19). , 85% , 21 (. 13).

13

119 119
85 44 1 130
28 33 21 82
5 7 11 23
: 237 84 33 354

: , 0,6 ( =0,26). : 0,47 ( =0,26), 0,34 ( =0,2) (. 6). , . , , , , .

. 6.

, . , . , , , , . , , .

, , . . [74], . [73] : , , . - . . , . , , . : , , , . . , , . . , . -. , (χ2=135,598; p<0,000). , , , 22 (. 7).

, , . . . , . . . . , . 23. (F=5,089; p<0,002), , , , (. 14).

14

kt
154 0,70 0,30
60 0,78 0,30
68 0,68 0,31
70 0,57 0,33
: 352 0,69 0,31

, , (χ2=3,957; p<0,266)24. , , , , . , [17]. (. . 14). , [6, 33, 39, 66].

, (F=2,751; p<0,006). , 21- 49- , (. 15), , , . , .

15

, kt

16 41 0,64 0,34
17 41 0,58 0,28
20 41 0,68 0,33
21 40 0,80 0,28
23 41 0,60 0,33
25 41 0,69 0,30
26 40 0,65 0,34
44 26 0,73 0,30
49 41 0,80 0,24
: 352 0,69 0,31

, . , , . , , , , . . , , [24 p. 74]. , [15, 24, 62, 63], , . , . , , , . : " , " [56, p. 49]. , , , , .

* * *

.

, .

, , , , .

, , , .

.

() , . , . , . , , : " ", " " " "; " , ", ", ", ", "; " , ", ", , ", " , , "; ", , , ". , , , , : (1) Na=Nc, (2) Na>Nc ,(3) Na<Nc , Na , Nc . , : (1) N=Ne (2) N.>Ne, Ne 25, .

. , , (. 16).

16

Na=Nc Na>Nc Na<Nc
N=Ne
N.>Ne

. (. 17). , , ( ) .

17

, "/"26 , "/",
73 21% 73 32% 34 18%
45 13% 45 20% 45 24%
47 13% 47 21% 47 25%

189 53% 61 27% 61 33%
: 354 100% 226 100% 187 100%

, . ( ). : (1) , (2) . . , ( , ) , . " " ( ), . , . , . , " " " " " ", . , : "", ", ", " " " ". , , , . , , , , " "27. . , , . . , [45, p. 322]. .

, . . , [2, p. 1]. . , : " , " [14, p. 1]. , . , . , " , " " ". " " .

, . . . , , [63, p. 90]. , , , , . , " , , , , " " ". 28, 29. . , , . . : . 30, , ( ) ( ), . , " " , [48]. : (1) ; (2) , , ; (3) .

, . , , , , . , . , , . , . , , , , , , . . .

, . : . , . , . , " " ", " " , " " , ". , . " " , " " . , , , 31. . . , , , , " , " " , , " " , , ". , "" " " . , , 32: 47% , 21% ; (χ2=58,434; p<0,000).

, , . : , . , "/" ( ) " , ". , , , 33. : " " ", " ", " ( ", "); " " ", , "; "" " , , " . . , . , , . , , , . . : " , , , [80, . 186]. , .

. , , . . 10% 18% . , , , . 30 47 (χ2=113,328; df=3 p<0,000) 25 47 (χ2=84,003; df=3 p<0,000) . , , , , 34: 91% (χ2=38,958; p<0,000). . . , [45, p. 328], : (F=122,619; p<0,000) (. 18).

18

73 1,05 ,23
45 1,11 ,38
47 2,17 ,94
61 3,36 1,14
: 226 1,92 1,23

: (1) , (2) , (3) . . , . . , - [11, p. 12]. , .

. . . , . . , [5, p. 218-219]. , , . . , [69]. , . , [5, p. 218, 230]. , : , . , . , , .

* * *

: " , " [80, . 187]. , .

, . , .

. , : () , () .

. , .

.

. " ", : (1) , (2) , (3) .

, . . . , , .

, . . , .

. , . , . : , , .

, . , . , , . , , . , . . . . . .

.

. , . .

, . , . , , . , , , , , , . . . . , . , , . , .

, , . , , .

( ) . , , : () , () , () . , , . , , , .

1 . [19, p. 128] . [56, p. 115].

2 , , [64, p. 80].

3 . , . , : (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) [35, p. 136]. , : " / / / / " 5 .

4 , [71, p. 5].

5 .. : "... , , ". " : , , , " [78, . 33].

6 ; " " : ", , , " ", , , ". , .

7 . . -, , , , . -, , , , . , [56, p. 114]. .

8 , . - , , . , , . . [32, p. 196]. . , .

9 " " , : " ", " ", " " "".

10 . 55%.

11 21- , 63% , 32% ; 20- 41% 21%, .

12 , [37, 68].

13 , . , .

14 . (, , ), , .

15 , , . , " " " " , .

16 , . , : " , , , . [68, p. 152].

17 , ( ) [29]. , : (1) , (2) (, , ) [28, 67]. , , , [9, p. 315].

18 , , , , , [55, p. 103].

19 , 20- .

20 . . , , . , , . [79, . 82].

21 22% 34% . ( ) . , , 21% , 4%, 2%.

22 , .

23 , , . , [3]. . , . -, , , . -, , , . . -, [42, p. 6]. , . -.

24 , , , . . : , . 23% , 54%. .

25 , .

26 " ".

27 . . , . . , [38].

28 . : " . . " [47, p. 249-250].

29 , , . , : " ?".

30 . , . , [2, p. 24]. [48], , , .

31 . , , , [80, . 44].

32 . , " , - " ", , ", ", " " , , ".

33 3- 354 , , "/". " " , , .

34 " ", : 1 , 2 . , .

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