| History Of Philippine Cinema Essay, Research Paper
Introduction
The youngest of the Philippine arts,
film has evolved to become the most popular of all the art forms. Introduced
only in 1897, films have ranged from silent movies to talkies; black and
white to color. Outpacing its predecessors by gaining public acceptance,
from one end of the country to the other, its viewers come from all walks
of life. Nationwide, there are more than 1000 movie theaters. Early in
the 1980s, it was estimated in Metro Manila alone, there were around 2.5
million moviegoers. As an art form, it reflects the culture and the
beliefs of the people it caters to and most times, is the one who shapes
their consciousness.
Philippine film as discussed in this
paper includes films made by Filipino people exhibited in this country
and possibly in other countries from the 1930s to the 1990s. The films
may be silent pictures or talkies, black and white or color. They also
include films such as documentaries, animation, experimental or alternative
films and other types of films.
This paper has three purposes or
objectives. It intends, first of all, to provide a comprehensible background
of the art of film in the Philippines. It provides insights on how the
Philippine film has influenced Philippine culture and vice-versa. This
is done by documenting the important events and important films in the
area of film for the past ninety years. Second, it intends to explain the
different trends and styles common in the Philippine film. And finally,
it concludes with an analysis on how two important events in history, namely
World War II and Martial Law altered the course of contemporary Philippine
film.
However, this paper is limited to
films only from the particular time period of the 1930s to the 1990s. It
fails to give a picture of how films were like ever since it started in
1897. This paper is also severely limited due to the unavailability and
the lack of materials that discuss thoroughly the history of Philippine
film. Film materials for those made during the pre-WWII years are simply
non-existent. Data for this paper was gathered from the essays and reviews
written by the artists and the critics themselves. It goes without saying
that the resources were tested to the limits.
CHAPTER 1
I. The 1930s to 1940s
A. Early Philippine Films
Filipinos started making movies
in 1919. However, it would be important to know that the film industry
in the Philippines began through the initiative of foreign entrepreneurs.
Two Swiss entrepreneurs introduced film shows in Manila as early as 1897,
regaling audiences with documentary films lips showing recent events and
natural calamities in Europe. Not only that but the arrival of the
silent films, along with American colonialism, in 1903 created a movie
market. But these film clips were still novelties. They failed
to hold the audiences? attention because of their novelty and the fact
that they were about foreigners. When two American entrepreneurs made a
film in 1912 about Jose Rizal?s execution, the sensation they made it clear
that the Filipino?s need for material close to their hearts. This heralded
the making of the first Filipino film.
The credit of being the first Filipino
to make a film goes to Jose Nepumuceno, whom historians dub as the ?Father
of Philippine Movies?. Nepumuceno?s first film was based on a highly-acclaimed
musical play of that day, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) by Hemogenes
Ilagan and Leon Ignacio.
In those early years of filmmaking,
enormous capital was needed to keep up with the Hollywood industry. Despite
its weak points, Hollywood provided the Philippine film industry with examples
that the early filmmakers followed. It is not surprising that many of those
same genres set so many years ago still appear in contemporary Philippine
films. But it was difficult to match Hollywood style in those days with
the meager capital set aside for the developing film industry. Ironically,
the same people who helped the film industry develop as a form of expression
were the same ones who suppressed this expression.
Early film producers included
?wealthy Spaniards?, American businessmen and Filipino landlords and politicians.
It is not surprising that?pre-war Philippine movies?were inhibited from
expressing their views that might question the establishment and were encouraged
instead to portray the love and reconciliation between members of different
classes?
Starting with Dalagang Bukid, early
films dug into traditional theater forms for character types , twists and
turns in the plot, familiar themes and conventions in acting. This set
the trend of Philippine films based entirely on immensely popular
dramas or sarswelas . Besides providing ready materials, this device of
using theater pieces ensured an already existing market. From the komedya
of the sarswela, the typical Filipino aksyon movie was to develop. The
line dividing the good and the bad in the komedya was religion with the
Christians being the good and the Moors representing the bad. In present
movies, the line that divides the two is now law or class division. The
sinakulo or the passion play was the root of the conventional Filipino
melodrama. The Virgin Mary became the ?all-suffering, all-forgiving Filipino
Mother? and Jesus was the ?savior of societies under threat and the redeemer
of all those who have gone wrong?. Another source of movie themes was Philippine
literature. Francisco Baltazar and Jose Rizal, through the classics for
which they were famous, have given the industry situations and character
types that continue to this day to give meat to films both great and mediocre.
Finally, by the 1930s, a few film
artists and producers dared to stray from the guidelines and commented
on sociopolitical issues, using contemporary or historical matter. Director,
actor, writer and producer Julian Manansala?s film Patria Amore (Beloved
Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments.
This earned him the honor of being dubbed the ?Father of the Nationalistic
Film?.
Its own share of movie audience and
acclaim for local movie stars were signs that the movie industry from 1919
to the 1930s had succeeded. Despite the competition coming from Hollywood,
the film industry thrived and flourished. When the 1930s came to a close,
it was clear that moviegoing had established itself in the Filipino.
B. Wartime Films and the Effect on
Philippine Films
The Japanese Occupation introduced
a new player to the film industry ? the Japanese; and a new role for film
? propaganda :
?The Pacific War brought havoc to
the industry in 1941. The Japanese invasion put a halt to film activity
when the invaders commandeered precious film equipment for their own propaganda
needs. The Japanese brought their own films to show to Filipino audiences.?
The films the Japanese brought failed to appeal to audiences the same way
the Hollywood-made movies or the locally-made films did. Later on, Japanese
propaganda offices hired several local filmmakers to make propaganda pictures
for them. One of these filmmakers was Gerardo de Leon.
The war years during the first half
of the Forties virtually halted filmmaking activities save for propaganda
work that extolled Filipino-Japanese friendship, such as The Dawn of Freedom
made by director Abe Yutaka and associate director Gerardo de Leon?Less
propagandistic was Tatlong Maria (Three Marias), directed in 1944, by Gerardo
de Leon and written for the screen by Tsutomu Sawamura from Jose Esperanza
Cruz?s novel?Despite the destruction and hardships of the war, the people?found
time for entertainment; and when movies were not being made or imported?they
turned to live theater?which provided alternative jobs for displaced movie
folk. The war years may have been the darkest in film history??
This period turned out to be quite
beneficial to the theater industry. Live theater began to flourish again
as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. Many found
it as a way to keep them from being forgotten and at the same time a way
to earn a living.
In 1945?the film industry was already
staggering to its feet. The entire nation had gone through hell and there
were many stories to tell about heroic deeds and dastardly crimes during
the 3 years of Japanese occupation. A Philippine version of the war movie
had emerged as a genre in which were recreated narratives of horror and
heroism with soldiers and guerillas as protagonists?audiences still hungry
for new movies and still fired up by the patriotism and hatred for foreign
enemies did not seem to tire of recalling their experiences of war.
Movies such as Garrison 13 (1946),
Dugo ng Bayan (The Country?s Blood, 1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless,
1946), and Guerilyera (1946) , told the people the stories they wanted
to hear: the heroes and the villains of the war. The war, however, had
left other traces that were less obvious than war movies that were distinctly
Filipino. As Patronilo BN. Daroy said in his essay Main Currents in Filipino
Cinema: ?World War II left its scars on the Filipino?s imagination and
heightened his sense of reality??
CHAPTER II
II. The 1950s to 1970s
A. The Golden Age of Philippine
Films
The 1950s were considered a time
of ?rebuilding and growth?. But remnants from the preceding decade
of the 40s remained in the form of war-induced reality. This is seen is
Lamberto Avellana?s Anak Dalita (The Ruins, 1956), the stark tragedy of
post-WWII survival set in Intramuros. The decade saw frenetic activity
in the film industry which yielded what might be regarded as the first
harvest of distinguished films by Filipinos. Two studios before the
war, namely Sampaguita Pictures and LVN, reestablished themselves. Bouncing
back quickly, they churned out movie after movie to make up for the drought
of films caused by the war. Another studio, Premiere Productions, was earning
a reputation for ?the vigor and the freshness? of some of its films. This
was the period of the ?Big Four? when the industry operated under the studio
system. Each studio (Sampaguita, LVN, Premiere and Lebran) had its
own set of stars, technicians and directors, all lined up for a sequence
of movie after movie every year therefore maintaining a monopoly of the
industry. The system assured moviegoers a variety of fare for a whole year
and allowed stars and directors to improve their skills.
Critics now clarify that the 50s
may be considered one ?Golden Age? for the Filipino film not because film
content had improved but because cinematic techniques achieved an artistic
breakthrough in that decade. This new consciousness was further developed
by local and international awards that were established in that decade.
Awards were first instituted that
decade. First, the Manila Times Publishing Co. set up the Maria Clara Awards.
In 1952, the FAMAS (Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences) Awards
were handed out. More so, Filipino films started garnering awards in international
film festivals. One such honor was bestowed on Manuel Conde?s immortal
movie Genghis Khan (1952) when it was accepted for screening at the Venice
Film Festival. Other honors include awards for movies like Gerardo de Leon?s
Ifugao (1954) and Lamberto Avellana?s Anak Dalita. This established the
Philippines as a major filmmaking center in Asia. These awards also had
the effect of finally garnering for Filipino films their share of attention
from fellow Filipinos.
B. The Decline of Philippine Film
If the 1950s were an ubiquitous
period for film, the decade that followed was a time of decline. There
was ?rampant commercialism and artistic decline? as portrayed on the following:
In the 1960s, the foreign films
that were raking in a lot of income were action pictures sensationalizing
violence and soft core sex films hitherto banned from Philippine theater
screens, Italian ?spaghetti? Westerns, American James Bond-type thrillers,
Chinese/Japanese martial arts films and European sex melodramas. To?get
an audience to watch their films, (the independent) producers had to take
their cue from these imports. The result is a plethora of films?giving
rise to such curiosities as Filipino samurai and kung fu masters, Filipino
James Bonds and?the bomba queen.
The studio systems came under siege
from the growing labor movement which resulted in labor-management conflicts.
The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions.
Next came Sampaguita and LVN. The ?Big Four? studios were replaced by new
and independent producers who soon made up the rest of the film industry.
The decade also saw the emergence
of the youth revolt best represented by the Beatles and the rock and roll
revolution. They embodied the wanting to rebel against adult institutions
and establishments. Certain new film genres were conceived just to cater
to this ?revolt?. Fan movies such as those of the ?Tita and Pancho?
and ?Nida and Nestor? romantic pairings of the 50s were the forerunners
of a new kind of revolution ? the ?teen love team? revolution. ?Nora Aunor
and Vilma Santos, along with Tirso Cruz III and Eddie Mortiz as their respective
screen sweethearts, were callow performers during the heyday of fan movies.
Young audiences made up of vociferous partisans for ?Guy and Pip? or ?Vi
and Bot? were in search of role models who could take the place of elders
the youth revolt had taught them to distrust?
Another kind of youth revolt came
in the form of the child star. Roberta (1951) of Sampaguita Pictures was
the phenomenal example of the drawing power of movies featuring [these]
child stars. In the 60s this seemed to imply rejection of ?adult
corruption? as exposed by childhood innocence.
The film genres of the time were
direct reflections of the ?disaffection with the status quo? at the time.
Action movies with Pinoy cowboys and secret agents as the movers
of the plots depicted a ?society ravaged by criminality and corruption?
. Movies being make-believe worlds at times connect that make-believe with
the social realities. These movies suggest a search for heroes capable
of delivering us from hated bureaucrats, warlords and villains of our society.
The action films of the 1960s brought into the industry ? a new savage
rhythm that made earlier action films seem polite and stage managed.?
The pacing of the new action films were fast as the narrative had been
pared down to the very minimum of dialogues. And in keeping up with the
Hollywood tradition, the action sequences were even more realistic.
Another film genre that is perhaps
also a embodiment of the revolt of the time is the bomba genre. Probably
the most notorious of all, this genre appeared at the close of the decade.
Interestingly, it came at a time when social movement became acknowledged
beyond the walls of campuses and of Manila.
In rallies, demonstrations and other
forms of mass action, the national democratic movement presented its analysis
of the problems of Philippine society and posited that only a social
revolution could bring genuine change. The bomba film was a direct
challenge to the conventions and the norms of conduct of status quo, a
rejection of authority of institutions in regulating the ?life urge? seen
as natural and its free expression ?honest? and ?therapeutic?
Looking beyond the obvious reasons
as to the emergence of the bomba film, both as being an exploitative product
of a profit-driven industry and as being a ?stimulant?, it can be analyzed
as actually being a ?subversive genre?, playing up to the establishment
while rebelling and undermining support for the institutions.
Even in the period of decline, genius
has a way of showing itself. Several Philippine films that stood out in
this particular era were Gerardo de Leon?s Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not,
1961) and El Filibusterismo (Subversion, 1962). Two other films by Gerardo
de Leon made during this period is worth mentioning ? Huwag mo Akong Limutin
(Never Forget Me , 1960) and Kadenang Putik (Chain of Mud, 1960), both
tales of marital infidelity but told with insight and cinematic import.
C. Films during Martial Law
In the 60s, the youth clamored for
change in the status quo. Being in power, Ferdinand Marcos answered
the youth by placing the nation under martial rule.
In 1972, he sought to contain growing
unrest which the youth revolt of the 1960s fueled. Claiming that all he
wanted was to ?save the Republic?, Marcos retooled the liberal-democratic
political system into an authoritarian government which concentrated power
in a dictators hand. To win the population over, mass media was enlisted
in the service of the New Society. Film was a key component of a
society wracked with contradictions within the ruling class and between
the sociopolitical elite and the masses.
In terms of comparisons, the Old
Society (or the years before Martial Law) became the leading symbol for
all things bad and repugnant. The New Society was supposed to represent
everything good ? a new sense of discipline, uprightness and love of country
Accordingly, the ideology of the New Society was incorporated into local
films.
?Marcos and his technocrats sought
to regulate filmmaking. The first step was to control the content of movies
by insisting on some form of censorship. One of the first rules promulgated
by the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures (BCMP) stipulated submission
of a finished script prior to the start of filming. When the annual film
festival was revived, the censors blatantly insisted that the ?ideology?
of the New Society be incorporated into the content of the entries.
The government tried to control
the film industry while keeping it in ?good humor? ? necessary so that
the government could continue using film as propagandistic vehicles. So
despite the censors, the exploitation of sex and violence onscreen continued
to assert itself. Under martial law, action films depicting shoot outs
and sadistic fistfights ( which were as violent as ever) usually append
to the ending an epilogue claiming that the social realities depicted had
been wiped out with the establishment of the New Society. The notorious
genre of sex or bomba films that appeared in the preceding decade were
now tagged as ?bold? films, simply meaning that a lot more care was given
to the costumes.
Martial Law declared in 1972 clamped
down on bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos
administration. But the audience?s taste for sex and nudity had already
been whetted. Producers cashed in on the new type of bomba, which showed
female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their camison
(chemise), or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall.
Such movies were called the wet look?
One such movie was the talked-about
Ang Pinakamagandang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on
the Face of the Earth, 1974) starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz.
However, the less-than-encouraging
environment of the 70s gave way to ?the ascendancy of young directors who
entered the industry in the late years of the previous decade?? Directors
such as Lino Brocka, best remembered for his Maynila, Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag
(Manila, In the Claws of Neon Lights, 1975), Ishmael Bernal, director of
the Nora Aunor film Himala (Miracle, 1982) and Celso Ad. Castillo, whose
daring works portrayed revolt, labor unionism, social ostracism and class
division, produced works that left no doubt about their talent in weaving
a tale behind the camera.
Another welcomed result that came
from martial rule was the requirement of a script prior to filming. This
was an innovation to a film industry that made a tradition out of improvising
a screenplay. Although compliance with the requirement necessarily meant
curtailment of the right of free expression, the BCMP, in effect caused
the film industry to pay attention to the content of a projected film production
in so far as such is printed in a finished screenplay. In doing so,
talents in literature found their way into filmmaking and continue to do
so now.
CHAPTER III
II. The 1980s to the present
A. Philippine Films after Marcos
It can be justified that immediately
after Marcos escaped to Hawaii, films portraying the Philippine setting
have had a serious bias against the former dictator. And even while he
was in power, the militancy of filmmakers opposing the Martial Law
government especially after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983,
accounts for the defiant stance of a number of films made in the closing
years of the Marcos rule.
Films such as Lino Brocka?s Bayan
Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knife?s Edge, 1985) were
defiant, not in the sense of it being openly stated by in the images of
torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. Marilou Diaz-Abaya?s Karnal
(1984) depicts this in a different way in the film?s plot wherein patricide
ends a tyrannical father?s domination. Mike de Leon?s Sister Stella L.
(1984), was a typical de Leon treatment of the theme of oppression and
tyranny.
In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker
going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film called Mababangong Bangungot
(Perfumed Nightmare). The film won the International Critic?s Prize in
the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Kidlat Tahimik?s rise to
fame defined the distance between mainstream cinema and what is now known
as independent cinema. Beginning with Tahimik, independent cinema and films
became an accomplished part of Philippine film.
Out of short film festivals sponsored
by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental
Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers have joined Kidlat Tahimik
in the production of movies that, by their refusal to kowtow to the traditions
and conventions of mainstream filmmaking, signify faith in works that try
to probe deeper into the human being and into society. Nick Deocampo?s
Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red?s Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983)
have received attention in festivals abroad.
Filmmakers like Tahimik, Deocampo
and Red are examples of what we call ?alternative filmmakers?. Alternative
or independent filmmakers are products of film schools where students are
exposed to art films without ?the compromises of commercial filmmaking?.
B. Contemporary Philippine Film
Despite our completion of 100 years
of cinema in the Philippines, the same problems plague us now just as it
had when film was still a relatively new art form. The phrase ?poorly made?
is fitting to describe the quality of films being churned out by the film
industry year by year. There have been few exceptions to the rule.
Presently, films are primarily made
for profit, lacking any qualities to redeem itself. Studies show that Hollywood
films, with its high technology and subject matter, are being preferred
over local films. It is no wonder ? for films now are ?too profit-oriented?[with]
corrupting morals and?dubious values?sticking with formulaic films?
Genres that have been present for
the past few decades are being recycled over and over again with the same
stories. The teen love teams of the fan movie are still present with incarnations
of love teams of yesteryears. Now instead of ?Guy and Pip? are ?Judy and
Wowie?. The bomba film is still present, now having grown more pornographic
and taboo. The film Tatlo (1998) comes to mind with its subject matter
of threesomes. In Filipino slapstick or komedya, Dolphy has been replaced
by younger stars.
But even if the films of today have
not been quite up to par, ?Filipino movies?wields an influence over the
national imagination far more intense that all the others combined.?
C. Conclusion
The early years of Philippine film,
starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as it was at that
time still a new art form. Stories for films came from the theater and
popular literature being, as they were, ?safe?, with the filmmaker being
assured of its appeal. Nationalistic films were also in vogue despite early
restrictions on films being too subversive.
The 1940s and the war brought to
Philippine film the consciousness of reality which was not present in the
preceding films. Filmmakers dared to venture into the genre of the war
movie. This was also a ready market especially after the war.
The 1950s were the Golden Years,
a time when films matured and became more ?artistic?. The studio system,
though producing film after film and venturing into every known genre,
made the film industry into a monopoly that prevented the development of
independent cinema.
The 1960s, though a time of positive
changes, brought about an artistic decline in films. The notorious genre
of bomba was introduced and from that day forward has been present in the
Philippine film scene ever since.
The 1970s and 1980s were turbulent
years, bringing positive and negative changes. From the decline in the
60s, films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following
the chaos of the Marcos regime. Also, action and sex films developed further
introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival
of alternative cinema in the Philippines.
Presently, in the 1990s, we are
seemingly engaged in a vicious cycle ? of genres, plots, characterization
and cinematic styles. We are unconsciously, or rather consciously, imitating,
copying from the much more popular American films. And when we are not
copying, we are reverting back to the same old styles. From the massacre
movies of late, the teen-oriented romantic-comedies and the anatomy-baring
sex flicks which are currently so popular, it seems Philippine cinema is
on a down spiral. Still, some films been successes and not only financially.
Diaz-Abaya?s Rizal (1998), as an example, was a success both commercially
and critically. Hopefully, Philippine cinema in the new millenium would
produce films as good and better than the ones before it.
As a conclusion, here is what Patronilo
BN. Daroy had to say about the Philippine film industry:
Philippine cinema, in short, appears
to have reached full circle: it is at the stage of refining and formulating
its own conventions and, in the process, getting in close contact with
the ferment in the other arts and at the same time, the serious critical
attention and concern of people with a broader interest in culture. This
is inevitable; as an art form the cinema in the Philippines can no longer
remain isolated from the main current of sensibilities and ideas that shape
other artistic forms, such as literature, painting, the theater, etc. Neither
can it fly from the actuality of social life which, after all, is the source
of all artistic expression. I foresee, therefore, a hand towards more serious
cinema; the muckrakers will continue, but they will be exposed for what
they are and will no longer be definitive of the quality of Filipino films.
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