Учебное пособие: Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов гуманитарных специальностей вузов Втрех частях

Академия управления
при Президенте Республики Беларусь

Система открытого образования

Практическая грамматика

английского языка

для среднего и продвинутого

уровней обучения

Учебно-методическое пособие
для студентов гуманитарных
специальностей вузов

В трех частях

Часть 3

Минск

2006

УДК 802.0-5(075.8)

П69

Серия основана в 2001 году

Рекомендовано к изданию Комиссией по приемке и аттестации электронных версий учебных и учебно-методических материалов Академии управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Академии управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь.

Авторы:

Е.А. Бахтадзе (глава 7, раздел «Модальные глаголы»), О.С. Симанович,
Л.М. Лещева (глава 7, раздел «Наклонение. Типы условных предложений»),
Т.В. Кудрейко (глава 7, раздел «Согласование времен»), Л.К. Козлова (глава 8),
Л.М. Лещева (глава 9).

Под общей редакцией д-ра филил. наук, проф. Л.М. Лещевой

Рецензенты:

доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры грамматики английского языка Минского государственного лингвистического университета Д.Г. Богушевич;

C hapter 7. VERBS

Modal verbs

Entry Test

Unit 2

1. Correct any errors inserting either can/could or to be able to where necessary .

1) I read when I was four years old, but I not write very well.

2) His writing was so bad that I not read his letter at first, but with an effort I make out what he said.

3) We not afford to pay for our journey across Africa, but we make it in the end because the bicycle firm lend us the money.

4) When he arrived in Africa, no one tell Stanley if Livingstone was alive or dead, but after a long journey, we find him.

2. Rewrite the following sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb can.

5) It’s hardly possible that he was puzzled by such a simple question.

6) I doubt that she was making notes of what he said.

7) It’s hardly possible that he feels more dead than alive.

8) It’s impossible that she is keeping to a milk diet.

9) I doubt that he has been cured of pneumonia so quickly.

10) Where is Silvia hiding? – I’m looking for her everywhere!

Unit 3

3. Complete these sentences with modal verbs to express possibility or uncertainty.

11) Where are you going for your holidays? – I haven’t finally decided but I...

12) What sort of car are you going to buy? – I’m not sure yet but I ...

13) I can’t find Monica anywhere. I wonder where she is. – She ...

14) Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? – I’m sure he was in the house at the time. He ...

15) Is Jack in his office? – I’m not sure. He...

16) Look! Sue’s going out. – I wonder where she is going. – She ...

4. Respond to the following questions. Express supposition implying uncertainty.

17) Her eyes are red. What’s the matter? (to cry)

18) Why is Ann absent? (to be interviewed)

19) He looks sick and tired. What’s the matter? (to catch a cold)

20) Where is the nurse? (to give injections to the patients)

5. Insert may/might or can/could or to be able to .

21) I think, when I’m twenty-five, then I ... get control of money.

22) I wonder if I ... ask your advice.

23) It ... never be forgotten!

24) I wish he ... have a pony of his own.

25) If a letter comes for me ... you please forward it to this address.

26) I ... help laughing.

27) The police were suspicious at first but I ... convince them that we were innocent.

28) The swimmer was very tired but he ... reach the shore before he collapsed.

29) I don’t think I ... drive you to the airport.

Unit 4

6. Make the following sentences negative .

30) She must have been quite conscious of having made a mistake.

31) The telegram must have certainly come in time.

32) She must have been very careful. She didn’t spill a drop of milk.

33) They must have given us the correct information about the road.

34) The students have passed the tests. They must have understood the rules.

35) The dog must have recognised his master. It didn’t bark as we approached the house.

36) He must have been very experienced in sailing navigation.

7. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal verb to express strong supposition .

37) Evidently, the doctor is still examining the patient.

38) Surely, she is preparing her report now.

39) I will not bother you any longer; no doubt, you are tired of my talking.

40) Probably, Nancy has been given her impressions of England for an hour already.

41) Evidently, they have been treating him for pneumonia for a month.

8. Translate from Russian into English .

42) Вы, должно быть, не узнали меня и поэтому не подошли ко мне.

43) Вы, наверное, и не пытались это сделать, иначе вы бы не говорили, что это легко.

44) Она, должно быть, заболела. Иначе она была бы уже на работе.

45) По-видимому, это труднее, чем вы предполагали.

46) В окнах нет света. Должно быть, опять никого нет дома.

47) Мне пора домой.

48) У вас очень много ошибок. Надо уделять больше внимания грамматике.

49) Этот вопрос надо решить немедленно.

Unit 5

9. Rewrite these sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb need.

50) We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases.

51) It wasn’t necessary to walk. He took us in his car.

52) My employer said, ‘I shan’t require your work tomorrow’.

53) Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard.

54) Was it obligatory for us to vote?

Unit 7

10. Answer these questions. Show that a planned action was not carried out using the modal verb to be to.

55) Did they start on Saturday?

56) Did she wear that nice dress at the graduation party?

57) Did he join you in your trip?

58) Did they treat you to a ballet?

59) Did he take his child fishing?

60) Did she keep her birthday?

Unit 8

11 Complete each gap using must, need or have to or their negative contracted forms .

61) You ... take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.

62) Don’t lose your purse! You ... leave it in the bus.

63) Come on. We ... hurry. We ... be late.

64) We... make our own fun in the old days. There wasn’t any television there.

65) There is so much traffic now. You ... wait ages to cross the road.

66) This report isn’t so important. You ... type the report today.

Unit 9

12. Respond to the following remarks to criticise a past action .

67) The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road.

68) He was not careful while crossing the road.

69) She didn’t hire a taxi and missed her train.

70) She left her umbrella at home and was caught in the heavy rain.

13. Respond to the following remarks making the following statements emotionally coloured .

71) You are to go to the dean’s office to tell him all about your problems in your group.

72) Why don’t you go to the station to meet your friend?

73) Your friend is lagging behind the group. He needs your help.

74) Your friend misses lessons very often. You should talk to him to know the reasons.

75) You have done a wrong thing. Now you feel sorry.

Unit 10, 11

14. Put in shall, will or would. Open the brackets.

76) My grandfather always ... (get up) at half past five.

77) ...we (go) to the park? – That … (be) nice.

78) I’m in terrible trouble. What ... I (do) ?

79) We ... (not to be) here next September. It’s hard to believe, isn’t it?

80) I ... (not to listen to) to any more of this nonsense.

81) You ... (do) as I say!

82) My aunt loved writing letters. She … (write) twenty or thirty a week.

Units 2 - 11

15. Translate from Russian into English

83) Должно быть, она потеряла его адрес.

84) Вам бы следовало послушаться моего совета.

85) Подумать только! Она согласилась на это предложение.

86) С какой стати я должен это делать!?

87) И до чего дело дошло!

88) Страшно, что с ней случилась такая неприятность.

89) Случись так, что вы увидите Анну, расскажите ей обо всём, что произошло.

90) Ты будешь выполнять мои указания!

91) Неужели она так и не получила мое письмо?

92) Ты могла бы, по крайней мере, посоветоваться с сестрой!

93) Возможно, он боится, что ему сделают укол.

94) Я зря дожидался окончания программы.

95) Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!

96) Не двигайся! Стой, где стоишь!

97) Его, возможно, забрали в больницу вчера.

98) Я полагаю, это и есть твой дом!

99) Ей совсем необязательно присутствовать при нашем разговоре.

100) Ради чего я буду разговаривать с ней?

Total: 100/____

Unit 1 Meaning and use

1. Modal verbs, or simply modals, express modality, i.e. the speaker’s attitude towards the action in the sentence. The area of meaning referred to as modality is rather broad, and the degree of modality may be strong or weak. Thus, modal verbs are used to express:

· necessity (must shows strong necessity; need shows weaker necessity; to have to expresses necessity due to some circumstances);

· possibility (can is used for strong possibility; may for weak possibility);

· duty (should and ought to are used to talk about duty, but ought to is stronger,) etc.

Each modal verb may express a wide range of modality. Here is a quick reference to the major meanings of the modal verbs dealt in this chapter:

· can /could express ability, possibility, uncertainty, doubt, astonishment, permission, prohibition;

· may/ might express possibility, criticism, requests, permission, hope;

· must is used to express obligation, necessity, prohibition, supposition;

· need expresses obligation or absence of obligation;

· to have to expresses necessity;

· to be to is used for possibility, obligation, orders, and to express things fated to happen;

· ought to and should express obligation, advice, deduction. Should is also found in emphatic constructions and subordinate clauses;

· shall/ will/ would are used for requests, orders, offers, and to describe characteristic habit, certainty or supposition.

2. Modal verbs have the following peculiarities in use:

- They are followed by the Infinitive (all types of the Infinitive are possible) (See Ch. 8) without the particle to (with the exception of ought to, have to, to be to; need may be used with and without to ): I must water the flowers tomorrow . They must have been right. This work can be done at once. But: I have to work. She ought to know that.

- They have no auxiliaries in questions, negatives, tags and short answers: Can you swim? – No, I can’t . Dorothy shouldn’ t be doing that, should she ?

- Many of them lack the ending “-s” in the Present Indefinite for the third person singular: She may know her address. He can play the piano. But: He needs to look his papers through. She has to work hard .

- Only some modals have past forms (could, should, would, might, had, was/were ). Certain past ideas can be expressed by a modal verb followed by a Perfect Infinitive (have + Past Participle): You should have told me the truth.

- Besides a full negative form (should not, may not, need not, etc.), modal verbs have contracted negative forms: can - cannot – can’t, could – couldn’t, will – won’t, shall – shan’t, should – shouldn’t, may – mayn’t, might – mightn’t, would – wouldn’t, must – mustn’t, ought to – oughtn’t to, need (to) – needn’t : I said that he couldn’t have done it. He mustn’t smoke. You needn’t do it.

- Modals have no infinitives or participles . It is impossible to say: *to may , *canning or *musted .

E x e r c i s e s

1. Read the following dialogue. Find the modal verbs in it, comment on their meaning, peculiarities of use, and fill in the chart arranging them from possibility to necessity.

John and Anastasia meet on the way home from work.

Unit 2 Can/Could

The modal verb can has two forms: can for the Present Indefinite Tense and could for the Past Indefinite Tense. The equivalent expression to be able to supplies all the missing forms of the verb can :

I can explain it.

I could explain it.

I don’t think I’ll be able to explain it when I see her.

Can expresses ability or capability, possibility, incredulity or doubt.

§ 1 Can/could to express ability or capability

Can is used to talk about general ability or capability in present and past (could ) in active and passive structures: I can read a little English. George could play the piano when he was a boy. Gold can be found in these mountains.

To express the meaning of ability or capability can is often found with verbs of perception (receiving information through the eyes, ears, etc. ) hear, see, smell, etc.: I can hear music. I could smell something burning , or cognitive verbs understand, follow, remember : I can’t/don’t understand what Edwin is talking about . It does not always add very much to the meaning and in this case can is not rendered in Russian: Я слышу музыку. Я не понимаю, о чем говорит Эдвин.

NOTE: The expression to be able to is also used to express ability or capability in present, future, and past but it is a little more formal and less usual than can : Frank is good at computers. He can write/is able to write programs .

Moreover, was/were able to is used to say that ability or opportunity resulted in a particular action, to say that somebody ‘managed to do’ , ‘succeeded in doing’ something on one occasion: She was able to translate the article without my help. = She managed to do it.

Compare these two sentences:

The children could swim when they were quite young (a past ability).

The children were able to swim across the river (a past action ).

To be able to is also used in the following structures:

· to- infinitive: It’s nice to go. – It’s nice to be able to go to the Theatre.

· after a modal verb: George might be able to help us.

· in the Present Perfect Tense: Dorothy has been able to translate that article and I’m proud of her.

Could + Perfect Infinitive is used to talk about unrealized past ability or to criticize people for not doing things: You could have helped me. ( But you didn’t help.) (Russ.: Ты бы мог мне помочь) You could have told me you were leaving. (But you didn’t tell.) (Russ.: Ты мог бы мне сказать, что ты уезжаешь.)

§ 2 Can/could to express possibility, choices and

opportunities

Can/could may be used to talk about possibility :

a) theoretical possibility : It can be quite cold here in summer . In this sense could suggests a less definite possibility: It could rain later this evening.

b) possibility due to existing laws : People can marry here when they are eighteen.

c) possibility due to circumstances or to choices and opportunities: You can have the book when I have finished it. There are several ways out. You can go to the police, you can visit a lawyer or you can forget all about that. What shall we do tomorrow? – Well, we could go fishing .

Can/could expressing possibility is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.

Russian constructions могло (бы) быть и хуже, могло (бы) быть и лучше expressing possibility or impossibility with comparative adjectives are rendered in English by could and Indefinite Infinitive : The situation couldn’t be worse . It could be better .

Can is not found to talk about future probability – the chances that something will happen: may/might express this idea. (See Unit 3)

§ 3 Can/could to express uncertainty, doubt,

astonishment and improbability

1. Can/could also convey the meaning of uncertainty, doubt , and astonishment (these meanings are closely connected).

Could is used to imply more uncertainty : Could it be time?

They are used in combination with different forms of the Infinitive and are found only in interrogative sentences (general questions): Can he really be ill? Can it be true? Can she be singing in the next room ? Sentences of this kind are often emotionally coloured , and in Russian this construction is rendered as: Неужели? Неужели это правда? Неужели он болен? и т.д.

NOTE:

· Can/could + Perfect Infinitive (or Perfect Continuous Infinitive ) are used to refer the action to the past: Can he have told a lie? Could she have been waiting for us so long?

2. Can/could are also used to talk about improbability and are found only in negative sentences (all forms of the Infinitive are possible): It can’t be true. She can’ t be singing in the next room.

NOTE: Can’t + Perfect Infinitive is used to refer the action to the past : He can’t have told a lie! Couldn’t is also used in this meaning to make the statement less categorical: She couldn’t have told a lie ! In Russian it is rendered as: Не может быть, чтобы… Вряд ли это так…

§ 4 Can/could to express permission, requests,

and offers

1. Can and could are used to:

· ask for permission and requests. Can I use your pen? Can I possibly sit here?

· give permission : You can wait in my office.

· refuse permission : You cannot stay out late!

Note : Could is more polite and formal than can : Could I borrow your book? Do you think I could use your office?

To be allowed to is used to say that the permission resulted in a particular action, something that really happened. I was allowed to leave work early yesterday. We were allowed to enter the showing room when we looked around the station.

2. Can and could are also found to offer to do things for people, could makes the offer more polite: Can I help you? Could I help you?

§ 5 Can/could in set phrases

Learn the following set phrases with can/could :

· Can’t help doing means that you can’t stop yourself doing it, something makes you, even though you are being careful not to: She is a naughty girl but I can’t help admiring her. Its rendered as: не могу не делать чего-то).

· Can’t but/can’t help but + Infinitive without to show the same meaning: I can’t but ask him about. I couldn’t but refuse her. It’s rendered in Russian as: не могу удержаться от…. or ничего другого не остается, как…

· Can’t stand/Can’t bear doing something say that you dislike or hate doing something: She can’t bear being alone. It is rendered in Russian as: терпеть не могу…

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb can . Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) You can see the sea from our bedroom window. (Can is used with a verb of perception expressing ability.)

2) I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.

3) You could join her much later if she wants you to go on the yacht.

4) I wish he could have a pony on his own.

5) It can’t be true!

6) I can’t help laughing.

7) Where’s Miss Laura? She came out right after me. Where can she be?

8) How could she have been so cold, so cruel to this adorable creature?

9) I could always stay up as a child.

10) Could I pick some roses as well?

11) Could you stop the car, please, for a moment?

2. Read the situations and write what you would say.

1) You’ve got a pound note but you need some change. You ask somebody to help you. Can you change a pound/Could you change a pound?

2) You want to borrow your friend’s camera: What do you say to him/her?

3) You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say?

4) You have to go to the airport but you don’t know how to get there. You ask a passer-by.

5) You are telephoning the owner of a flat which was advertised in a newspaper. You are interested in the flat and you want to come and see it today. (Do you think I…?)

6) You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? (Do you think I…?)

7) You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend.

8) The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? (Do you think you…?)

9) You have to carry some heavy boxes upstairs. Ask someone to help you.

10) You want your friend to show you how to change the film in your camera. What do you say to him/her?

3. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs can/could or to be able to . Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only to be able to is possible.

1) George has travelled a lot. He can or is able to speak four languages.

2) Tom … drive but he hasn’t got a car.

3) I can’t understand Oscar, I’ve never … understand him.

4) He was very strong; he … ski all day and dance all night.

5) The car plunged into the river. The driver … get out but the passengers were drowned.

6) When you have taken your degree you … put letters after your name?

7) Don’t try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you … remember any of them.

8) Ask Ann about your problems. She should … help you.

9) I was a long way from the stage. I … see all right but I … hear very well.

10) I just seem to know nobody who I … ring and say I just feel awful and I haven’t a penny.

11) We … borrow umbrellas; so we didn’t get wet.

12) … you walk or did they have to carry you?

4. Arrange each of the following comments using the modal verb can’t into 6 groups according to their basic meaning. (One group will have five comments, the others two each). Think of your own examples .

5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs can/could or to be able to plus a notional verb.

1) Did you persuade Jennifer? ~ We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade her to come with us.

2) I can’t sing now but I … very well when I was a child.

3) He can’t play tennis very well now but he … quite well when he was younger.

4) When she was at school she … faster than anyone else.

5) Did they find your house? ~ Yes, it took them a long time but they …

6) Did you win the match? ~ Yes, it wasn’t easy but I …

7) Ten years ago I … from one side of the lake to the other.

8) Did the thief escape? ~ Yes, the policemen chased the thief but he …

9) I looked everywhere for the book but I …

10) The fire spread quickly but everyone…

6. Fill in the blanks with a modal verb to talk about unrealized past ability.

1) We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the cinema but we decided to stay at home.

2) I … to the concert but I changed my mind.

3) He … the examination but he decided not to.

4) Fanny … a new car but she hadn’t got enough money.

5) Frank … me to mend my car but he didn’t want to do it.

6) Why didn’t you stop all that? You …some way.

7) Ken … his aunt to the station but he had no driving licence at that moment.

8) Jack … Edward £50 but he didn’t want to.

7. Use the modal verb can/could followed by the appropriate infinitive.

1) You can’t have done (not to do) it. I don’t believe it.

2) She … not (to stay) at her friends all time.

3) I … (to help) him but I didn’t know he needed help.

4) Such problems … not (to solve) easily.

5) How … she (to work) in the garden now? It is already dark.

6) I simply … not (to refuse) . They would have been hurt.

7) He wasn’t old. … he … not (to be) more than forty.

8) They … not (to be) sister and brother.

9) She is too young. She … not (to suffer from) constantly from insomnia.

10) … he … (to be operated) on?

8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb can in the meaning of astonishment, uncertainty or doubt.

1) Is it possible that she is still running a high temperature? – Can/could she be still running a high temperature?

2) Is it possible that she is still worrying over such a trifle?

3) Do you believe that they live under bad conditions?

4) Do you believe that the patient has recovered?

5) It’s hardly possible that she is in now.

6) It’s impossible that the child is shivering with cold. He’s warmly
wrapped up.

9. Read the dialogue, single out the patterns with the modal verb can . Comment on emotional colouring of the meanings. Reproduce this dialogue by heart: Think of your own examples.

- Marjory is still in hospital.

- Good heavens! Can it be true ! How awful! (Can is used to express astonishment.)

- But they say that tomorrow she will be back home from hospital at last! After fourteen months!

- Good gracious! Could she have been actually lying in bed for a year? Poor thing! It’s simply incredible!

- Laura is out again! She has gone to the club.

- Fancy that now. Can she be enjoying herself when her mother is ill? She could have stayed at home if she were a serious girl.

- Do you remember we are going to the concert? If you don’t make haste, we shall be late. We have only half an hour left before the beginning of the concert.

- Why? It can’t be half past six now! Your watch is at least ten minutes fast.

- And where can I have put my eye-glasses?

- Oh, here they are. Don’t make such a fuss. Let’s go!

10. Fill in the following spaces with either can/could or to be able to .

1) We will be able to hear. Mr. Browns lecture on British art next Tuesday.

2) I knew this town so I … (to advise) him where to go.

3) He … (to speak) French very well when he was at school.

4) I … (to get) his new book last week.

5) … you (to translate) the text last Friday? ~ No, I … (negative) . ~ I … (to translate) it next week.

6) When the garage had repaired our car we … (to continue) our journey.

7) At five years old he … (to read) quite well.

11. Translate into English.

1) Неужели она все еще ждет нас у станции метро?

2) Неужели она согласна?

3) Не может быть, чтобы он сказал это.

4) Неужели он все еще в больнице?

5) Не могу не смеяться при одном ее виде.

6) Терпеть не могу быть одной в доме.

7) Мне ничего не остается, как принять этот факт.

8) Мне ничего не оставалось, как приютить ее у себя.

9) Я не мог не восхищаться ее пением.

10) Не может быть, чтобы он так все легко воспринимал.

11) Не может быть, чтобы она не узнала нас.

12) Не может быть, чтобы она нам не доверяла.

13) Неужели она так и не получила мое письмо?

14) Неужели так никто и не видел, как он это сделал?

15) Не может быть, чтобы они не осознали опасность.

16) Ты можешь взять словарь. Мне он больше не нужен.

17) Можно мы возьмем Джека с собой?

18) Нет, малыш, зимой мороженое на улице есть нельзя.

19) Вы не могли бы продиктовать мне эту страницу?

20) Вы не могли бы привести свой пример? Нельзя давать примеры только из учебника.

21) Вы можете сейчас продиктовать письма? – Нет, я собираюсь принять несколько посетителей сейчас.

22) Вы не могли бы представить меня некоторым из своих коллег?

23) Когда бы я мог увидеться с вами?

24) Не могли бы вы передать ему мои наилучшие пожелания?

Unit 3 May/might

The modal verb may has two forms: may for the present tenses and might for the past tenses. The expression to be allowed and to be permitted can be used to supply the missing forms of the verb may : You are to stay in bed until you are allowed to get up.

May is chiefly used to express permission or possibility. It is also used to express uncertainty, criticism, and wish .

§ 1 May/might to express permission

1. May is found:

· to grant permission : You may watch TV for as long as you like.

· to ask for permission: May I borrow your umbrella , please? It is more polite than Can I borrow your umbrella ?

Might is also used, it is very polite and formal but is less common: Might I join you?

NOTE: To be allowed to is also used to ask about permission , yet there is a difference.

Compare: May I take a photo of you? = Will you allow it?

Are we allowed to take photos? = What is the rule?

· to refuse permission: You may not put TV оn!

2. To make these sentences past the expression to be allowed is used (not might ): I may go today. – I was allowed to go that day.

But might is used when the main verb is in the past: He told me that I might smoke in the room (Reported Speech).

§ 2 May/might to express possibility

1. Both may and might + Present Infinitive are used to express possibility in the present or future. Might is mostly used as a less definitive or more hesitant form of may . It suggests a smaller chance, when you think something is possible but not very likely.

Compare: I may go to London tomorrow. (≈a 50% chance)

Joe might come with me. (≈a 30% chance)

Might must be used:

· when the main verb of the sentence is in the past: He said that he might be late that night . (Reported Speech) But: He said, “I may/might be late tonight”.

· in conditional sentences: If you poured hot water into, it might crack.

May/might + not means ‘it is possible that it is not …’: It may/might not be true . (=It’s possible that it is not true)

2. May and might + Perfect Infinitive are used in speculations about past actions: He may/might have gone.

Might + Perfect Infinitive is used:

· when the main verb of the sentence is in the past: He said/thought that she might have missed the plane;

· in sentences with unreal condition: If he had taken the other road we might have arrived earlier.

§ 3 May/might to express wishes, persuasive requests, and criticism

1. May expresses wishes and hopes . May always comes at the beginning of the sentence: May you both be very happy! May God be with you! (Might is not used in this case.)

2. Might is often used to make requests or suggestions in the affirmative clauses: You might try asking your uncle for a job.

3. Might + Perfect Infinitive occurs to talk about the past criticizing something or somebody: You might have helped us . (but you didn’t) It sounds like a reproach.

§ 4 May/might in set phrases

Learn the following set phrases with may/might :

· May/might as well + Infinitive are a very mild and unemphatic way of expressing an intention . It also suggests or recommends an action because there is nothing better, nothing more interesting and etc: I may as well have something to eat. I might as well stay at home tonight. It is rendered in Russian as: пожалуй, будет лучше, если я…

· It might have been worse means ‘things are not so bad after all’. (могло (бы) быть и хуже)

· He might have been taken for her brother means ‘ He looked like her brother'. (можно было (бы) принять за …)

§ 5 Compare may and can for permission and

possibility

Notice some peculiarities in the usage of may/can and might/could .

1. May is more common when the speaker gives permission: You may borrow my book = ‘I give you permission to take it’ , or in impersonal statements concerning authority: An accused person may (=has the right) to appeal). A police officer may ask for your driving license. Though in informal English, in colloquial speech can/could is used: He can borrow my car.

2. Can would be much more usual than may in the meaning ‘to have permission’ : I can leave / I’m allowed to leave … . But may/might is more usual than can/could in indirect speech: He says he may leave the room / She said they might leave the room.

3. May/might expresses future probability . Can doesn’t express this idea: We may/might go hunting this autumn . (Not *we can go …)

4. Both cannot/could not and may not/might not are used to express improbability. But the degree of faith expressed by may not/might not are less, this verb points to a less definitive improbability or possibility.

Compare:

It may not be true (Perhaps it is not true).

It can’t be true (It is certainly not true).

He may/might not have understood (Perhaps he didn’t understand).

He can’t/couldn’t have understood (He certainly didn’t understand).

5. Can/could occurs when there is an idea of condition : Why don’t you ring him? You can/could use my mobile phone.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb may .

1) The telephone went on ringing. Ann said: ‘It might be Edmund. – It suggests a smaller chance, when you think something is possible but not very likely.

2) He might have missed his plane. If he drives, he may be here at any moment.

3) Supper passed off better than it might have been expected.

4) His eyes were so close together that I honestly thought they might run into each other one day.

5) Well, don’t look on the black side of things. She may get over it in a few weeks.

6) He said I might come to him any day I liked.

7) After all I’ve done for them, they might be more thankful!

8) You might have told us this half an hour ago.

9) You might pay more attention to your lessons.

10) May God be with you!

2. Answer the questions using the modal verb may/might.

1) Do you know if Ruth is in her room? ~ I’m not sure. She may be in her room.

2) Do you know if Irene likes ice-cream? ~ …

3) Do you know if they are married? ~ …

4) Do you know if she wants to go to the theatre? ~ …

5) Do you know if he is telling the truth? ~ …

6) Do you know if John has a car? ~ …

7) Do you know if he was serious? ~ …

8) Do you know if she was looking after the baby? ~ …

9) Do you know if they were listening to the news? ~ …

10) Are they ready? ~ …

3. Respond to each situation making up your own sentences.

1) I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is: he might have gone shopping.

2) Look! She is going out. I wonder where she’s going.

3) Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.

4) How do you think the fire started?

5) I wonder where Tom was going, when you saw him.

6) Ethel didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.

7) The weather is dull. There are only black clouds in the sky.

8) Where are you going to hang that picture?

4. Use the modal verb may followed by the appropriate infinitive.

1) She asked me if she … (to switch off) the radio: if she might switch off …

2) We wish your journey … (to be) successful.

3) Tell him he … (to warn) me and not (to put) me in such an awkward position.

4) The police … (to ask) a driver to take a breath test.

5) I’ll wait a week so that he … (to have) time to think it over.

6) He isn’t going to eat it; I … as well (to give) it to the dog.

7) You … at least (to read) the letter.

8) You … (to write) . I’m very annoyed that you didn’t.

9) He said that we … (to use) his office whenever we liked.

10) I don’t think I’ll succeed but I … (to try) as well.

11) Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you … (not to overtake) .

5. Read these situations and make up sentences with may/might as well.

1) A friend has invited you to a party. You’re not very keen to go but there isn’t anything else to do, so you think you should go. You say: I might as well go.

2) You are in a café with a friend. You’ve just finished your drinks. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another drink. You say: We… What would you like?

3) Someone has given you a free ticket for a concert. You are not very keen on the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket. You say: I… It’s a pity to waste a free ticket.

4) You’ve invited some friends to dinner but they haven’t come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them. You say: We… I don’t think they are coming.

6. How would you ask for permission in these situations?

1) You’re at a friend’s flat. You want to make a phone call. ~ Can I use your phone?

2) You need a calculator. The person sitting next to you has got one.

3) You have gone into a café. There people who you know from work were sitting at a table. You go over to the table.

4) You had to go to a lecture, but you were ill. Your friend went to the lecture and took notes. Next day you are well again and you see your friend.

7. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Право же, вы могли бы сделать это для меня.

2) Можете зайти к нам после семи, если хотите.

3) Ты могла бы, по крайней мере, посоветоваться с сестрой!

4) Оливер спросил, можно ли ему получить еще тарелку каши.

5) Больному стало лучше. Вы можете навестить его завтра.

6) Тебе можно быть и посерьезнее. Ты уже почти взрослый.

7) Она не была англичанкой, но ее можно было принять за нее.

8) Спроси их, можно мне пойти тоже с ними в поход?

9) Ты мог бы купить мне эту книгу! Ты знаешь, что она мне нужна.

10) Может быть, ей и не нравился новый учитель, но она его нисколько не боялась.

11) Может быть, на вас никто и внимания не обратит.

12) Где же мой паспорт? – Возможно, ты забыл его дома.

13) Возможно, его не было на лекции. – Но он говорит, что он там был.

14) Возможно, летом меня не будет в городе.

15) Он стоял довольно далеко от них и, возможно, не слышал их слов.

16) Может быть, он не знает, что ты серьезно болен.

17) У мальчика, возможно, высокая температура.

18) Его, возможно, забрали в больницу вчера.

19) Он, может быть, лежит в постели уже неделю.

20) Возможно, врач уже осмотрел всех больных, и его рабочий день подошел к концу.

21) У него, может быть, не было времени сегодня. Он, возможно, сделает это завтра.

22) Он, может быть, заболел. Он обычно очень рано встает.

23) Возможно, он боится, что ему сделают укол.

Unit 4 Must

Must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must. Yet must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense: The doctor said that I must stop smoking.

Must is mostly used to express obligation or urgent command , very emphatic advice. It is also used to express prohibition , and supposition , bordering on assurance.

§ 1 Must to express obligation and prohibition

1. Must expresses obligation, strong necessity:

a) arising out of the nature of things and consequently inevitable: Plants must get water. All experience shows that man must die.

b) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to to have to ): He must earn money.

NOTE: Must is not used expressing past necessity or future obligation .

Must occurs in questions to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary. In this case must may acquire additional shades of duty or necessity : Must I clean all the rooms? Must he do it himself?

The absence of necessity is expressed by need not : Must I go there tomorrow? – No, you needn’t .

2. In negative sentences (must + not or mustn’t ) the modal verb must expresses absolute prohibition . In the opinion of the speaker, there is not choice at all: You mustn’t make noise. The children are sleeping in the next room. You must not smoke here!

§ 2 Must to express a command and

an emphatic request

Must is used to express a command, an urgent (emphatic) request :

You must go. You must tell the truth . (‘It is your duty’ = a command).

You may borrow my book but you must bring it back before six. You must come to see us = (emphatic request).

When you are in London you must visit the National Gallery. You must stop smoking = (strong advice)

NOTE: I must be going means ‘I must be off’, ‘It’s time for me to go.’ It is rendered in Russian as: Мне пора уходить.

§ 3 Must to express supposition

Must is used to express supposition bordering on assurance , the conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: He looks so pale. He must be ill.

1. In this meaning must is used with all the forms of the Infinitive (the Indefinite Infinitive if the action refers to the present and the Perfect Infinitive if the action refers to the past) in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть:

They must want me for something else.

He must be suffering!

What a comfort you must have been to your mother!

She must have been waiting for us for an hour!

2. To express supposition referring to the future the modal word probably is used: She will probably come tomorrow .

In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently : Evidently , she did not know my address.

Moreover, must + verbs to fail, to distrust, to dislike, to disapprove, to disbelieve, to misunderstand or words nobody, never, nothing are used to convey supposition with strong probability with negative meaning: She must have failed to pass her exams. – Должно быть , она провалила экзамен . I must have misunderstood you. – Должно быть, я не понял Вас. Nobody must have told the truth. – Должно быть, никто не сказал правду.

§ 4 Compare must and may for supposition and

prohibition

Notice some peculiarities in the usage of must and may:

1. May/might denotes supposition implying uncertainty : He may be an actor. His face is familiar to me. Наверное, он актер. Его голос мне знаком.

Must denotes supposition implying strong probability : He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. – Должно быть, он актер, у него поставленный голос.

2 . In negative sentences it is impossible to use ‘may not’ as an answer to express prohibition. In this case must not or cannot is used: May I smoke here? ~ No, you mustn’t (you can’t ). – Нет, нельзя.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verbs must and may . Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Harry, you are horrible! You mustn’t say these dreadful things. – It is a strong prohibition.

2) Nothing must be done in a hurry.

3) You and I are friends, Basil, and we must always remain so.

4) I’m afraid I must be going, Peter.

5) ‘Perhaps he’s her son…’ ‘He may be her husband’. ‘Oh, but the difference in their ages!’

6) What you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago.

7) He must have got this wound at the same moment when his horse was shot and fell over him.

8) Mr. Graham may have changed since then. It is very difficult to foresee anything.

9) ‘May I escort you home?’ – ‘No, you may not.’

10) ‘May I smoke in here?’ – ‘No, you mustn’t!’

2. Answer these questions using the modal verb must + a notional verb.

1) ‘Is he British?’ – Yes, he must be British.

2) ‘Are they married?’ – Yes, they must …

3) ‘Is he serious?’ – No, …

4) ‘Were they in a hurry?’ – …

5) ‘Does Ann know a lot of people?’ – …

6) ‘Did Agnes know about that plan?’ – …

7) ‘Do they have much money?’ – …

8) ‘Was he driving carefully?’ – …

9) ‘Are they waiting for somebody?’ – …

3. Read these situations and make up a sentence using the modal must with the proper form of the infinitive .

1) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (to be asleep) I must have been asleep.

2) That dress you bought is of very good quality. (to be very expensive)

3) I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (to go away)

4) I wonder where my umbrella is. (to leave)

5) Don passed the examination. (to work hard)

6) She knew everything about our plans. (to overhear)

7) Jennifer did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (to misunderstand)

8) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (to forget)

9) I don’t understand how the accident happened. (to be out of order)

4. Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning.

1) She must have understood that rule, the exercise is done well. - She must have failed to understand that rule, the exercise is done in the wrong way. or She must have misunderstood…

2) Everybody must have noticed that he was not used to speaking in public.

3) He must have written to them of his arrival in due time.

4) She must have bolted the door forgetting that I was to come later.

5) He must have a fair chance of winning, he is in good form.

6) The man must have understood me, so he nodded his head.

5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs may or must with the proper infinitive.

1) There are a lot of photographers at the airport today. They must (be) expecting someone famous to arrive.

2) It … (be) a film star who’s come to the film festival.

3) Oh, look! Those three men they are enormous. They … (be) over two meters tall.

4) They … (be) basketball players. Our team has signed a contract with some new American players. It … be them.

5) They are so big! They … (have) a very uncomfortable flight.

6. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Анна, должно быть, заболела, иначе, она была бы уже в театре, она никогда не приходит в последний момент.

2) ‘Где Павел?’ ~ ‘Не знаю, возможно, пошел на концерт’. ~ ‘Ну, это не очень любезно с его стороны: он мог бы взять билет и для меня’.

3) Никого сюда не впускать! Понятно!

4) Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше.

5) Мы должны пойти домой до того как стемнеет.

6) Прекрати шуметь, уже поздно!

7) Тебе нельзя есть мороженое – у тебя больное горло.

8) Хватит рыдать! Слезами горю не поможешь.

9) Мы обязательно должны встретиться и обсудить все тонкости этого дела.

10) Уж он непременно должен быть в курсе всех событий!

11) Иностранец, очевидно, неправильно произнес название этого кушанья, и официант принес ему совсем другое.

12) Вы, должно быть, не в курсе дела, план какой программы изменился?

13) Вам, наверное, ничего об этом не сказали. Иначе вы бы пришли ранее.

14) Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать.

15) Очевидно, она сердита на вас, поэтому она не звонит и не заходит.

16) Он, наверняка, не знает о вашем отъезде, а то бы пришел вас проводить.

Unit 5 N e e d

1. Need can be used both as an ordinary verb in the meaning ‘require, be in need’ (Everyone needs to rest sometimes. Do we need to reserve seats? We will need to repair our house. He did not need to be told twice. If we want to pass our exams we will need to work hard) and as a modal auxiliary verb expressing immediate necessity and obligation . (We needn’t reserve seats – there will be plenty of room.).

2. As a modal verb need has only one tense – the Present, and the same form is used for all persons.

The modal verb need is mostly used in negative sentences where need not expresses lack of necessity : You needn’t go there and interrogative sentences: Need you go? where a negative answer is often expected: Need you leave so soon? (≈ surely not / I hope not). These questions can be answered with must or needn’t : Need I type this letter again? ~ Yes, you must . / No, you needn’t . I needn’t go to the dentist.

Need also occurs in combination with negative–type adverbs like hardly, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely : She need never know what you have just told me.

Need not + Perfect Infinitive is served to say that something was done unnecessary : You needn’t have told him about my plans.

Need + … ing means ‘to require’: Your hair needs cutting. The windows need washing.

NOTE : Need is not used to talk about habitual, general necessity.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of the verb need. Translate these sentences into Russian.

1) I was rather afraid of that he might act as though we were intimate friends. But I need not have worried. (something was done unnecessary).

2) You needn’t be afraid of telling me everything.

3) If you don’t like the dress you needn’t take it.

4) You needn’t have walked there. You could have taken a bus.

5) Need we continue working by this plan?

6) I needn’t bother about Margaret any more.

7) I have lots of time. I needn’t go home for hours.

8) “You rest”, she said. “I’ll certainly make the tea. You needn’t have asked me.”

9) Everything is packed, except my shirts, so you needn’t trouble.

10) Our friendship needn’t stop, need it?

11) This garden needs tidying.

12) What is right for us needn’t be right for others.

13) We spent a lot of money that we needn’t have spent.

2. Replace the phrases in italics with modal verb need or the full verb need to .

1) Is it necessary for you to go so soon? – Do you need to go so soon?

2) Is it necessary for me to wait till you return?

3) It's not necessary for them to wait.

4) It's hardly necessary for me to explain it.

5) There is no need for him to learn about this.

6) I don't think there is any need for you to explain.

3. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.

1) You need not ring the bell; I have a key.

2) Notice in cinema: Exit doors … be locked during performances.

3) You … drink this: it is poison.

4) We … drive fast; we have plenty of time.

5) You … drive fast. There is a speed limit here.

6) Candidates … bring books into the examination room.

7) You … write to him for he will be here tomorrow.

4. Add your comments to the sentences, using needn’t have .

1) The letter was so untidy, I wrote it out again. – Really? You needn’t have written it out again.

2) He was so worried about being late that he sent the letter fax.

3) She was so worried about not getting a seat that she bought a first-class ticket.

4) We were not sure about sheets and towels, so we brought our own.

5) Nill was worried about not fulfilling the work.

6) I have paid the bill in advance.

7) Bill has spoken about that incident to Reagan. Reagan is very upset.

8) The old people thought the room was dirty, so they cleaned it out themselves.

9) I didn’t know that you were coming home, so I cooked my own supper.

Now rewrite these comments using didn’t need to .

1) – You didn’t need to write it again .

2) …………. etc.

5. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Незачем было так торопиться. У нас было достаточно времени.

2) "Должны ли мы перевести всю статью сегодня?" - "Нет, не надо. Вы можете это сделать завтра.

3) Тебе больше не надо носить форму.

4) Ничего не говори, если не хочешь.

5) Возможно, что тебе придется ехать поездом.

6) Я зря дожидался окончания программы.

7) Не надо так громко говорить, я слышу.

8) Напрасно вы так волновались, все прошло отлично.

9) Надо починить крышу и перекрасить стены в доме.

10) Зря ты последовал его советам, я в нем не уверена.

11) Я думаю, что тебе надо проконсультироваться у опытного юриста.

12) Вам совсем не надо было ехать в такую даль.

Unit 6 To have (got) + Infinitive

The verb to have + Infinitive , or to have to , is not a defective verb. It has all the necessary finite forms and auxiliary verbs building up the interrogative and negative forms: I have to work to make a living. Hugo has to work. They had to work. Did they hav e to work? You didn’t have to work. I will not have to work.

The verb to have got + Infinitive , or to have got to is used in colloquial and especially in American English. It is found in all kinds of sentences but it has no auxiliary verbs in the interrogative and negative forms: He hasn’t got to go. Has he got to go?

1. To have (got) to is served to convey obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances in present future or past: I have to visit my sister. (Я должен = я вынужден, мне приходится = посетить сестру). You will have to work to make your living. You had to work to make your living.

2. Do not have/have not got are served to say that there is no obligation : Simon doesn’t have to tell Patrick about that accident.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of have to and have got to . Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Bill saw me and I had to tell him what had happened. (necessity due to some circumstances)

2) Something – he didn’t know what – had to be done at once.

3) I will have to go home and get some things from the laboratory.

4) He is almost giddy with anger, and has to steady himself on the chair.

5) He may have to go to Monte Carlo with his father.

6) I had to fight my tears back while listening to his stories.

7) Things that were dangerous had to be destroyed.

8) She will have to see that doctor.

9) You have got to think about me now.

10) What you have got to do is to destroy the thing that is upstairs.

2. Use a construction with the modal verb have to in place of the words in italics.

1) It will be necessary for him to try harder if he wants to win the prize. He will have to try harder.

2) It has been necessary for them to save hard to buy their new hi-fi.

3) Because of the snow she has been finding it necessary to walk to college.

4) It had already been necessary for us to clear the office floor twice before the boss asked us to clear it again.

5) It would have been necessary for me to pay twice as much to travel first class.

6) We are finding it necessary to cut back on staff because of a shortage of orders.

3. Match these clauses with the have (got) to clauses.

4. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Нам пришлось ждать управляющего целый день.

2) Следующий рейс будет только утром. Тебе придется купить билет на поезд.

3) Если так будет продолжаться, то мы вынуждены будем принять меры.

4) Сколько вам пришлось потратить времени на перевод этой книги?

5) Ей совсем необязательно присутствовать при нашем разговоре.

6) Мне все приходится делать самому.

7) Вы не должны беспокоить Марту в такое тяжелое для нее время.

8) Не нужно было приходить так рано.

9) Мне не пришлось самому переводить эту статью вчера..

Unit 7 To be + Infinitive

To be + Infinitive, or to be to , is a modal expression that can be used only in two Tenses – the Present Indefinite (is, are ) and the Past Indefinite (was, were ).

1. The major meanings of to be to are expressions of:

· an arrangement and order :

We are to meet at six. (part of a plan) The President is to visit this country next month. (part of a plan ) Is he to arrive tomorrow? (part of a plan) You are to say nothing about it. (order, part of a plan)

NOTE: Was/were to + Perfect Infinitive are used to show that a previously arranged event didn’t happen: I was to have met you at six, but something urgent happened .

· something that is destined to happen : He gave up the idea of becoming an actor. It was to be. It is rendered in Russian by ‘суждено’.

· possibility : Where is he to be found? Nothing was to be done!

2. To be to may be used in if -clauses . The main clause expresses a precondition – something that must happen first if something else is to happen: If we are to get there by lunchtime we had better hurry up.

3. Be + Passive Infinitive is often found in notices and instructions : This cover is not to be removed .

NOTE : Sometimes only the Passive Infinitive is used in this case: To be taken three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle).

Learn the following set phrases :

· What am I to do?- Что мне делать? Как мне быть?

· What is to become of me?- Что со мною будет?

· Where am I to go?- И куда же мне идти?

· Who is to blame?-Кого винить?

· What is to be done?- Что теперь делать?

· Who is to begin?-Кому начинать?

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of the verb to be to. Translate into Russian.

1) I was to call on his office to clinch a deal at 9 o’clock in the morning, so I got up early in the morning. (an arranged plan ) .

2) We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget his appointment.

3) They were to have gone away together this morning at dawn.

4) Where am I to go?

5) My dear father, if I am to get married, surely you will allow me to choose the time, place and person.

6) “You are to bring an answer”, said the lady.

7) We were to have played a duet together.

8) Dorian wasn’t to be found.

9) What is to become of me?

10) I was to leave the Embassy with the military attache.

2. Fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to .

1) You are to take Juliet down to your club at once.

2) The work with method, one … begin from the beginning.

3) I … be getting sentimental.

4) Nowadays one … do nearly everything oneself.

5) I … think who she was talking about. She … have meant your father.

6) He … leave the vessel at Melbourne and go off at once to the gold – fields.

7) I had left my key at home, and my servant … let me in.

8) I … be mad, coming here like this.

9) We … dine together and then go to the Opera.

10) But who was it- Daniel or Matthew? It … have been one of the two.

3. Combine the modal verb to be to with the proper form of the infinitive in the brackets .

1) I stood at the window, looking at them disappear, and my heart kept repeating ‘Good-bye, good-bye!’ I was not (to see) them for nearly five years. – I was not to see them …

2) I was (to arrive) in London by the ten o’clock train, but I couldn’t get a ticket for it and nobody met me.

3) Remember that we are (to be) at this place not later than eight.

4) Why are you so late? Didn’t you get my letter saying that was (to meet) at four?

5) There was a violent storm that night and the ‘Stella” which was (to arrive) at the port in the morning had to drop anchor near an island a hundred miles off the port.

4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb to be to . Translate your sentences.

1) We can see a lot of ancient buildings in the centre of London. – A lot of ancient buildings are to be seen in the centre of London.

2) One can find various sorts of trees in Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.

3) Nothing could be done under the circumstances.

4) One can visit several large museums in South Kensington.

5) It’s possible to buy all sorts of newspapers in Fleet Street.

5. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Нам не суждено было встретиться до его отъезда во Францию.

2) Позавчера я должен был встречать мою сестру, но мои часы, должно быть, отстали, и я опоздал.

3) Я должен ждать его здесь, так было решено.

4) Ей суждено было побывать в этих краях еще много раз, и она это знала.

5) Это должно было случиться. Никто не мог этому помешать.

6) Что теперь с ним будет? Куда ему идти? Что ему делать?

7) Хранить в прохладном месте, верхний клапан убирать нельзя. (инструкция)

8) Принимать по одной чайной ложке 2 раза в день после еды. (инструкция)

9) Если нам надо успеть до начала сеанса, то следует поспешить.

10) Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!

Unit 8 Must, to have to, and to be to

in comparison

Notice specific shades in the meaning of must, to have to, to be to.

1. Must indicates obligation imposed by the speaker : You must wipe your feet when you come in.

To have to expresses external obligation : I have to wipe my feet every time I come in.

To be to describes obligation resulting from an arrangemen t : I’m to wait for her at the entrance.

Note: Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to expresses only a previously arranged plan: He is to go to the office this morning.

2. Don’t have to refers to an absence of obligation : You don’t have to work tomorrow.

Must not refers to an obligation not to do something: You must not leave the room before the end of the exam.

3. Must is found to express obligation imposed by interna l authorities : Visitors must not feed the animals. -(at the Zoo)

To have to is used to express obligation imposed by external authority : You will have to cross the line by the footbridge.

4. Must has no past forms. But it is used in Reported Speech: He said he must do it himself.

Had to denotes an action in the past as a result of obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances : I had to sell my car (I needed money).

Was/were to denote a planned action for the future which is viewed from the past: We were to meet him at the station (It’s not clear from the sentence if the action will take place).

Was/were to + Perfect Infinitive make it clear at once that the plan was not carried out : We were to have met him at the station. (But we didn’t meet)

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the verbs need, have to, be to.

1) Don’t forget to bring the book tomorrow, I need it for my report – it refers to immediate necessity .

2) You may keep the money I’ve given you, I don’t need it .

3) ‘Must I go there immediately?’ – ‘No, you needn’t. Wait till I ring you up.’

4) Need you bother about such trifles?

5) You will have to leave at six to catch the train.

6) We all have to learn how the world changes every day.

7) You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened.

8) I don’t know what I’m to do.

9) We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget about his appointment.

2. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need etc, or a negative/ interrogative have to form.

1) I’ve been invited to a wedding; but I can’t go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?

2) It isn’t necessary for him to go on working. He had already reached retiring age.

3) Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus?

4) It is not necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day.

5) It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day.

3. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative.

1) Mother has to cook dinner after work. – Does your mother have to cook? – No, my mother doesn’t have to cook.

2) He had to sit up late with his work.

3) You will have to get up early tomorrow.

4) The girl had to take care of her younger sisters and brothers.

5) She will have to do it once over again.

6) These documents have got to be filled in.

7) They had to cover the whole distance on foot.

8) Richard has got to finish his translation.

9) We shall have to speak to him about it.

4. Fill in the blanks with must or have to with the proper form of the Infinitive.

1) The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we had to look for a safer spot.

2) When I asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and … wait for another one.

3) I told you we … make haste if we wanted to find him in.

4) She … leave him at eight every morning at present.

5) Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas … be left at the desk.

6) He sees very badly: he … wear glasses all the time.

7) I ... do all the typing at my office.

5. Write a sentence with must, have to to respond to the remarks.

1) The sign says: ‘Passengers must show their tickets!’ So passengers have to show their tickets.

2) The children have to be in bed by nine. Their parents said:

3) Laura has to get to work on time.

4) The police told Nick: ‘You must keep your dog under control.’

5) The students have to listen carefully.

6) The new sign says: ‘Visitors must report to the security officer.’

6. Put in must or have to . Choose which is the best for the situation.

1) I have to go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.

2) You … lock the door when you go out. There’ve been a lot of break-ins recently.

3) Jennifer … go to the bank. She hasn’t any money.

4) I … work late tomorrow. We’re very busy at the office.

5) You really … make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.

6) I think you … pay to park here. I’ll just go and read that notice.

7) You rally … hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late.

8) I … put the heating on. I feel really cold.

7. Insert to have or to be in the appropriate form.

1) I told you to stay with her every minute I was away. You are not to be trusted.

2) There were thirty poems in the collection and he … to receive a dollar apiece for them.

3) You … to speak slowly at your lecture so that we can all understand you.

4) The night-coach by which Susan … to go was on the point of departure.

5) The time was fixed for his sailing. It … to take place almost immediately.

6) Much remained to be done; many domestic preparations … to be made.

7) I’m very sorry but I … to explain the urgency of the case.

8. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to or have to .

In Britain you are allowed to drive a car when you're seventeen. You (1) ..... get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always (2) ..... be in the car with you because you (3) ..... take the car on the road alone. You (4) ..... go to a driving school or a friend can teach you. The person with you (5) ..... take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.

Before you (6) ..... have a full licence, you (7) ..... take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it (8) ..... be fit for the road. In the test you (9) ..... drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you (10) ..... take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you’ve passed your test, you (11) ..... take it again, and you (12) ..... go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.

Before 1904 everyone (13) ..... drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists (14) ..... have a licence. But they (15) ..... take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars (16) ..... go faster than four miles an hour, and someone (17) ..... walk in front of the car with a red flag.

9. Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country.

10. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено.

2) Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым артистом.

3) Они надеялись работать в одной школе. Но этому не суждено было сбыться.

4) Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет?

5) Кто будет украшать новогоднюю ёлку?

6) Кто виноват?

7) У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.

8) Вам незачем идти на улицу; у соседей есть телефон.

9) У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко.

10) Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале.

11) Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь!

12) Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно.

13) Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить.

14) Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь.

15) Пойдемте пешком. Нам незачем торопиться.

16) Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке.

17) Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги.

18) К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу.

19) Нам нужно будет позвонить вам или вы сами придете?

20) Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу?

Unit 9 Should and ought to

§ 1 Should and ought to in comparison

Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable.

Ought to has more stress on the meaning of moral obligation , whereas should is common in instructions and corrections .

1. Should/ought to are used to talk about

· obligation, duty and similar ideas: You shouldn’t say things like that. You ought to know it.

· advice : You ought to read this book. You should read this book. It is very interesting.

NOTE: Should may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as desirability: It’s late. You should go to bed.

· in formal notices and on information sheets : Students should be prepared to answer questions on this point .

NOTE: Ought to is not used in this case.

· assumption about present or past actions . The plane should be landing now (I expect it is landing).

The letter should have arrived by now (I expect it has arrived).

2. Should/ought to + Continuous Infinitive express the idea that the subject is not fulfilling his obligations or that he is acting rashly or foolishly: He ought to be studying for the exams. He shouldn’t be playing baseball for hours.

3. Should/ought to + Perfect Infinitive in:

a) an affirmative sentence indicates an unfulfilled or neglected action in the past: He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.

b) a negative sentence means that an undesirable action was carried out: They shouldn’t have concealed it from us.

§ 2 Must, should, and ought to in comparison

Notice some peculiarities in the shades of meanings of must, should, ought to:

1. Should/ought to express obligation or advisability . Must in this meaning sounds too forceful and peremptory : You should do it at once. You ought to do it at once. You must do it at once.

2. Should / ought to + Perfect Infinitive show that the action has not been fulfilled though it was desirable: You should have helped him. (But you didn’t do that)

3. Must + Perfect Infinitive denotes conclusions about the past : He must have come by taxi . (I suppose)

§3 Emotional should : in subordinate clauses,

emphatic constructions

1. Should is found in:

· that-clauses after adjectives and nouns expressing the importance (important, necessary, vital, essential, eager, anxious, concerned, wish): It is importan t that she should talk to me when she gets here. Is it necessary that my uncle should be informed? It is his wish that the money should be given to charity

· object clauses:

a) following the principal clause with it as a formal subject after such expressions as (it is wonderful, absurd, monstrous, natural, old, queer, strange, terrible, etc ): It is absurd that such things should happen to me. It was strange that he should be asking those questions

b) beginning with why : I don’t know why we shouldn’t make friends.

· rhetorical questions beginning with why: Why should I do that? It’s rendered in Russian as: с какой стати…? Why shouldn’t you have dinner with us?

· attributive clauses beginning with why after the noun ‘reason’ : I don’t see any reason why we shouldn’t be happy.

· subordinate clauses after words expressing personal judgements and reactions : It’s astonishing that she should say that sort of things to you. I’m sorry you should think I did it on purpose

· after the words in case , for bear that and lest , so that , in order that : She turned the radio down so that she shouldn’t wake the children up.

NOTE: It is impossible to use ought to for emotional colouring.

2. Learn some set phrases with should :

· How should I know?

· I’m sorry that you should think so badly of me.

· That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!)

· To think that it should come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дело дошло!)

· To think that it should have happened to me! (Только подумать, что это произошло со мной!)

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of the modal verbs should/ought to . Translate the sentences.

1) What do you think we ought to do about babies? – asking for an opinion about something.

2) He ought to be in looking after his mother.

3) I should have hated that, but I enjoyed going there so awfully.

4) You shouldn’t go out without an overcoat.

5) If you are interested in pictures you should look in at the British Museum.

6) Why should I tell you a lie?

7) Why shouldn’t I stay with you?

8) Why, where should I be without you?

9) Why in the world, shouldn’t you listen to me?

10) Should you find it necessary to communicate with me, send a message.

2. Give some advice to a person or express disapproval.

1) Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. – You should stop smoking.

2) Your friend has a bad toothache.

3) Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights on.

4) Your friend is going to visit Greece.

5) The bus driver is driving too fast.

6) The tourists are discussing their further rout of the trip too loudly.

7) Two girls are arguing about the history of Westminster Abbey.

3. Complete these sentences.

1) I don’t suppose you’ll see Tom this evening but if you should see him, can you ask him to phone me?

2) I don’t think Ann will arrive before I get home but …

3) I don’t think there will be any letters for me while I’m away but …

4) I don’t suppose you’ll need any help but …

5) The doctor recommended that …

6) Our advertising manager insisted that …

7) The museum guide suggested that …

8) The landlord demanded that …

4 . Complete these sentences using the modal verbs must/should/ought to .

1) Doctor! I think the patient stopped breathing. You must come immediately!

2) I don’t think anything’s seriously wrong with the patient, but you … call in and see her if you have time.

3) Jeanie’s got a cold. I don’t think she … go to school today.

4) What Jeanie has is infectious. She … go to school.

5) If she has a high temperature, she … stay in bed until the doctor comes.

6) It won’t do her any harm to go out, but she … wear an overcoat, there’s a cold wind.

7) If a woman is expecting a child, and hasn’t had German measles, she … be vaccinated against it because it can carry a serious risk.

8) It’s not compulsory for children to be vaccinated against measles but in my opinion they … be.

5. Respond to the statements with constructive suggestions, using the words in brackets .

1) John’s very overweight. (diet) He ought to go on a diet.

2) The train leaves in less than half an hour. (hurry up)

3) My handbag’s been stolen. (report to police)

4) We’re going to Africa on a safari holiday. (buy a good camera)

5) She stayed in the sun too long and was badly sunburst. (be more sensible)

6) You shall sit by me, and amuse me.

7) Now you shall look at it face to face.

8) Shall I leave the things here, sir?

9) I made a mistake about this afternoon. It shall not occur again.

10) If I come there you shall know about it.

11) You shall not slip through my fingers!

12) “ You shall see that Chris yourself tonight.”

6. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs should or have to with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.

1) We should have called (call) on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we … (attend) an extra meeting. – We should have called on him yesterday, but we were too busy as we had to attend an extra meeting.

2) I … not (tell) him this news; he was so much upset, but I really … (do) so, for the circumstances demanded that.

3) You … (see) him dance! You’ve missed a lot. I … (take) you to the concert.

4) It was very hard work but we … (do) it.

5) The mother … ( punish) the boy severely to make him understand he was not right.

6) Although it was very painful for the mother but she … (punish) the boy.

7. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Вы, должно быть, ошибаетесь, на двадцать пятой странице нет таких слов.

2) Вам следует помочь ей, она ведь очень устала.

3) Вам бы следовало сделать то, что я вам говорила, тогда вы не оказались бы в таком глупом положении.

4) Вы должны были мне сказать, что вы больны.

5) Вы не должны позволять ей читать в сумерки, она может испортить глаза.

6) Я вас, должно быть, неправильно понял и поэтому пришел так рано.

7) Почему я должен хвалить вашу работу? Она неудовлетворительна.

8) Почему я должен принять его предложение? Я не согласен с ним.

9) С какой стати я должен ему помогать?!

10) Ради чего я буду разговаривать с ней?

11) И зачем ты поедешь туда?

12) Это лекарство следует держать в холодном месте.

13) Вам не следует разочаровываться.

14) Вам следовало бы прекратить спор, как только поняли, что вы неправы.

15) Вам следует еще раз обдумать это предложение, прежде чем отвергнуть его.

16) Он должен был бы отказаться от приглашения, если он был так занят.

Unit 10 S h a l l

Shall is found to express obligation, warning, promise, threat. It is also used to ask for instructions.

1. Shall is used in interrogative sentences with the first and third persons meaning obligation or asking for instructions : Shall I get you some coffee? Who shall answer the phone? It is rendered in Russian as: Принести вам еще кофе? Кому отвечать по телефону? Shall I open the window? What on earth shall we do?

2. Shall is used to express obligation but it is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense. Shall occurs in affirmative and negative sentences: We shall be landing in Paris in 10 minutes. I shall miss him terribly. The verb is found with the second and the third person expressing promise, threat, warning. You shall have my answer tomorrow. You shall stay just where you are! He shall do as I say ! I want to know all the gossip , all the scandal. – You shall dear, you shall.

3. Shall is often used with third person to refer to duties: The officer shall be responsible for the fleet of lorries. The President shall hold office for 5 years.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of the verb shall . Translate the sentences.

1) The victory of peace can and shall be won. There shall be no war! Shall expresses promise it is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense

2) He shall do it whether he wants it or not.

3) What shall I do with it?

4) You shall answer for it!

5) The senior manager shall be responsible for this department.

6) It was an incredible feat, one which I shall never forget.

7) A player shall not lift the seam of the ball for any reason.

8) Shall we sort you out and make you more comfy?

9) The Prime Minister shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen in this field.

10) Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.

11) I shall be calling fore you at seven o’clock.

12) The editor’s decision is final and shall evermore remain so.

2. Make offers for the following situations. Think of your own situations.

1) An old lady clearly wants to put her large suitcase on the luggage rack.

2) A young woman is shivering and the window is open.

3) Your friend accidentally drops some sheets of paper on the floor.

3. Make suggestions to a friend for the following situations. You feel like ...

1) going for a swim? Shall we go for a swim? Yes, let's./Yes. let's, shall we? No. I'd rather we didn't.

2) driving to the coast,

3) having a meal out this evening,

4) travelling first class,

5) having a holiday in.

6) going to the theatre,

7) visiting an art gallery,

8) baking a pie,

9) making a sea voyage,

10) climbing up the mountain,

11) calling a taxi,

4. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.

1) В котором часу мне приходить?

2) Ты никуда не пойдешь, пока не сделаешь уроки!

3) Не двигайся! Стой, где стоишь!

4) Эти глупцы будут делать то, что я им велю.

5) Сегодня ты выслушаешь меня, я не дам тебе уйти.

6) Они за всё мне ответят, вот увидишь!

7) Мне принести ещё кофе? – Да, спасибо.

8) Кому делать доклад? Кто будет отвечать за все?

9) Что же мы теперь будем делать!?

10) Финансовым отделом будет руководить Г-н Смитс.

Unit 11 Will and would

Will and would are considered to be the forms of the same verb. Its original meaning is volition . However, in some of their meanings the use of will is equal only to would which denotes an actual fact in the past; in other meanings will is found alongside would which expresses unreality in the present or serves as a more polite form of will.

§ 1 Will and Would for characteristic habit,

criticizing, natural tendency, and requests

1. Will/would describe characteristic habit/behaviour or is used to criticise a person’s characteristic behaviour: In fine weather he will often sit in the sun for hours. Marjory will keep leaving her things all over the floor.

Moreover, would is used with the same meaning as used to . It refers to repeated actions and events in the past: When we were children we would go skating every winter.

2. Will/would are found to express natural tendency : Water will boil at 100°С. I planted a yucca plant last year but it wouldn ’t grow because it didn’t get enough sun.

3. Will/would + not are used as a refusal to perform an action: Drink your milk, Jeremiah! – I won’t . The car wouldn’t start this morning.

4. Will/would are found as requests, orders, offers : Will you send me the bill, please? Would you be quiet!

E X E R C I S E S

1. Comment on the meaning of the verb will and would . Translate the sentences.

1) You will not discuss this matter with anyone.

2) Will you drive me home?

3) He kicked pushed that door. It wouldn’t open.

4) He will leave his socks lying all over the place and it drives me mad.

5) The show will be open to the public at 2 p.m.

6) Won’t you stay here and have supper with us?

7) All right, I will forgive you.

8) My car won’t start!

2. Make requests for the following situations. You want someone to

1) hold the door open for you. Will/would you hold the door open for me?

2) dial a number for you

3) translate a letter for you

4) deliver some flowers for you.

5) show the way to the station.

3. Use a phrase with will or would in place of the words in italics.

1) She always used to tell us a story before we went to bed. She would always tell us a story before we went to bed.

2) She still tells us a story occasionally.

3) They only used to discuss family matters with the priest.

4) He's very good, you know. He plays with that toy for hours on end .

5) When he needed extra money, he used to work overtime.

6) She doesn't always tell the truth, I'm afraid.

§ 2 Will and would for intention, insistence,

certainty or supposition

1. Will/would are used with the first person to express will, intention or determination : I say I will do anything for him. We thought we wouldn’t interfere .

2. Will/would are served to imply insistence or consent in if-clauses : ‘ It’s about forty minutes’ walk from here and if you will come now I’ll go with you. If you would help me I should make another attempt.

NOTE: Will is not normally used after if- clauses: If the weather is fine, we will go to the bank of the river (conditional sentence).

3. Will may convey the meaning of certainty or supposition about present or future situations: Don’t phone them now. – They will be having dinner. This will be the school, I believe .

Will + Perfect Infinitive expresses certainty about the past: We can’t go and see them now. They will have gone to bed.

4. Would is found to express that something was to be expected . The meaning is rather sarcastical: ‘Paula is very brave.’ ‘Yes, she would be brave.’ I don’t approve of his decision.’ ‘No, you wouldn’t .’ It is rendered in Russian as: этого и следовало ожидать.

Learn some set phrases:

· Boys will be boys (Мальчишки остаются мальчишками) .

· Accidents will happen (Без несчастных случаев дело не обходится).

· Would rather , would sooner are followed by an Infinitive without to . They mean ‘to prefer’. I would rather do it myself.

· Would…mind…doing in questions means ‘to object’: Would you mind my smoking in? The construction may express a polite request: Would you mind getting me a cup of tea?

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning of the verb will and would . Translate the sentences.

1) If you overcook the pancakes they will be difficult to roll.

2) I will say no more on this matter, important though it was

3) As many as ten million children will have been infected with the virus by the end of the decade.

4) The holidays will have done him the world of good.

5) He expressed the hope that on Monday elementary schools would be reopened.

6) It was half past nine; her mother would be annoyed because she was so late.

7) They said they would give the police their full cooperation.

2. Emma and Sadie are students. They've both got exams tomorrow. Complete their conversation using a modal verb + be + the -ing form of each verb in brackets. Use the modal verbs ought to, might, must and would.

Sadie: – You (1) (do) some work. You ought to be doing some work, Emma.

Emma: - Hello, Sadie. Aren't you doing any work? You (2) (revise) for the exams.

Sadie : – I (3) (read) my notes if I had them, but I've lost them.

Emma: - Good Lord! How awful! Do you want to look at mine?

Sadie: - No, thanks. It's okay. Don't worry, Emma. Exams aren't important.

Emma : -Not important! You (4) (joke) ! I (look) everywhere if my notes were lost.

Sadie: - Well, I'll probably find them before tomorrow.

Emma: -Have you seen Lisa? She's got a book of mine.

Sadie: -She was in here not long ago. Perhaps she's outside. She (5) (sit) in the garden.

Emma : – I'll go and have a look. Then I (6) (go). I have to get to the library before it closes.

Sadie: - What are you doing tonight, Emma?

Emma: - Revising, of course. Aren't you?

Sadie: - I (7) (play) tennis with Rebecca if the weather stays fine.

3. Oral Activity.

Say what you would be doing at the moment if today were a different day of the week. Find out what the other members of the class would be doing (or might be doing) if it were a Saturday or a Sunday.

4. Put in appropriate forms of the past used to, will , would . Alternatives are possible. Retell the story.

WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE.

The thing I remember most about my childhood was my visits to my aunt Charlotte in her lovely country house. She (1) (be) used to be /was a remarkable woman by any standards. She (2) (be) really skilled at water-divining and she (3) (find) water on the most unpromising bits of land. The farmers (4) (love) her, especially as she (5) (never accept) money for water-divining. “Water (6) (always find) its own level” she (7) (say) and “I know exactly where that level is.” “Water-divining is a gift from God and you don't accept payment for that.” She had a gift for noticing changes in the weather, too. “It’s going to rain soon,” she (8) (say) . “I can feel it in my bones,” and she (9) (always be) right! In her later years, she developed a bad back and (10) (often visit) her osteopath. She (11) (never tired) of telling us that her osteopath (12) (say) as he massaged her painful back. “It’s going to rain, Charlotte, I can feel it in your bones!”

5. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs shall/will or should/would .

1) Can you walk as far as the car or shall I bring it round?

2) I … not come down with you. I … go home.

3) If I’ve got him, they can’t take him. He … not go. I … not let him.

4) You’ve asked for my opinion and by God you … have it.

5) No harm … be done to your child. I … see to it.

6) If you … not take any steps you … never got rid of the malady.

7) When he grew blind he … sit hour after hour in those two rooms that he had painted, looking at his works with sightless eyes.

8) I let the young man to go where he … with my box and money.

9) My aunt … not hear of staying to dinner, lest she … by any chance fail to arrive at home.

6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Вы этого не сделаете. Запомните это!

2) Я сделаю эту работу к сроку, хотя бы мне и пришлось не спать всю ночь.

3) Магазин, должно быть, еще открыт. Если вы поторопитесь, вы успеете купить хлеб.

4) Он сказал, что ему придется уехать через несколько дней, но мы и слушать не хотели.

5) Не старайтесь доказать ему, что вы правы; его никогда нельзя убедить. Он очень упрямый.

6) Вы ответите за ваши действия.

7) Вам придется держать экзамен еще раз. Вам надо обратить большое внимание на грамматику.

8) Какое упражнение мне читать? – Можете начать с любого.

9) Я полагаю, это и есть твой дом!

10) Я не допущу, чтобы вы разговаривали со мной в таком тоне.

11) Дети – всегда дети.

12) Я скорее сделаю это сама, чем оставлю это своей сестре.

Review Exercises

1. Peter, Jan and Lima are foreign students at an English-speaking university. Put each verb in brackets into the simple present, simple past or present perfect. What rules do governments usually make about people entering their country? Are there different rules for tourists, for students, and for people who want to live and work there? Discuss with other members of your class.

2. Choose the most suitable words underlined.

1) I don’t think you could/should tell anyone yet.

2) I couldn’t/shouldn’t possibly leave without pain.

3) That mustn’t/can’t be the place Patrick told us about.

4) There are times when the traffic here can/could be really heavy.

5) We are enjoying our holiday though the weather could/must be better.

6) You couldn’t/shouldn’t really be sitting here.

7) You could/may be older than me, but that doesn’t mean you are cleverer.

8) I might/should suppose your job is rather difficult.

9) No member of the association must/shall remove official documents from these premises without written permission.

10) You may/can be in charge, but it doesn’t give you the right to be rude.

11) Although I tried hard I couldn’t/mightn’t lift the suitcase.

12) This beach should be/shall be deserted.

13) I think you should/must go to Brighton for a week.

3. Oral Activity

Imagine that tomorrow you plan to go on a 15-mile walk in the country with three or four other people in your class. Discuss with them what you ought to wear and what you ought to take with you. Give reasons for your suggestions.

4. Put in will have to, must, having to, has to, should, had to, have to, should have. Retell the story.

ARIJABA!

The Post Office in Britain is famous for getting letters and parcels to their destinations. The problem is that we the public (1) have to observe the rules. For example, we (2) ...... put a stamp on a letter. If we don’t, the recipient (3) ....... pay double. We often see the sign ALL LETTERS (4) ......... BE CORRECTLY ADDRESSED. These days, this means (5) ......... use postcodes. If you didn’t use a postcode, it’s no good complaining that your letter (6) ......... arrived sooner. Parcels are a problem because they (7) ........ be correctly packaged. If Aunt Sophia is going to send you a jar of your favourite jam, she (8) ........ wrap it up well. The most important thing we (9) ........ do is to address our letters and parcels legibly and correctly. This means clear handwriting and correct spelling. What we (10) ........ do and what we actually do are often miles apart. Recently, the Post Office (11) …….. deliver a letter which showed a name followed by the word ARIJABA. What is this, do you think? Arabic? Hindustani? Wrong both times! Say it out loud and you will see it is just plain (misspelt!) English: HARWICH HARBOUR!

5. Complete the sentences with appropriate modals ( can, must, may ).

1) It’s a beautiful dress. It ... (cost) a lot of money.

2) There’s been a terrible accident. We ... (ring) for an ambulance.

3) You ... (eat) between meals. You’ll get fat.

4) You ... (let) the children get their hands on those bottles. The catchword are poisonous.

5) You ... (finish) the job this evening. There is no hurry.

6) I ... (go) to work by bus but since the fares went up I’ve been going on foot.

7) He had to go by train because he ... (not afford) the air fare.

8) You’d better take an umbrella. It’s cloudy and it ... (rain) .

9) I think we’ve probably missed the train but we ... (catch) it if we run all the way to the station.

10) Anyone ... (make) a mistake. No one is perfect.

11) She ... (not take) the money. She wasn’t in the office that day.

12) They are all taking photographs of the person getting off the plane. It ... (be) someone famous.

13) I’m sorry. I don’t seem to have brought the papers with me. I ... (leave) them in my office.

14) I don’t think they know one another but they come from the same town, so they ... (meet) when they were children.

6. Choose the sentence closest in meaning to the sentences given.

1) It’s possible that we’ll know the answers tomorrow.

a) We may know all the answers tomorrow.

b) We should know all the answers tomorrow.

2) I don’t think you should ring him now. It’s rather late.

a) You might not ring him now. It’s rather late.

b) You’d better not ring him now. It’s rather late.

3) You needn’t come if you don’t want to.

a) You won’t come if you don’t want to.

b) You don’t have to come if you don’t want to.

4) I think it’s wrong for you to work so hard.

a) You don’t have to work so hard.

b) You shouldn’t work so hard.

5) I hope one day we can meet again in more favourable circumstances.

a) It’s possible that we’ll meet again in more favourable circumstances.

b) I hope to meet you again in more favourable circumstances.

6) In the end we succeeded in communicating with sign language.

a) In the end we might communicate with sign language.

b) In the end we were able to communicate with sign language.

7. Rewrite each of the following sentences using the modal verb should and one of the words listed: important, normal, odd, insisted, warned, incredible .

1) The new trainer wants to hand in his notice already. I just don’t believe it.

2) Some students tend to feel a little homesick in their first week here. I can understand that.

3) Why has he complained now, right at the end of his course? I just can’t work it out.

4) Children must be taught the difference between right and wrong. I believe that strongly.

5) I wonder why she left without saying anything. I’d really like to know.

6) ‘Don’t let your feelings run away with you, will you?’ said the youth club leader.

7) ‘We simply must go to the police about this latest attack’, said a bystander.

8. Adam, Lisa, Don and Melanie are students. They were on their way to visit some friends last week in Adam's car when it broke down. Complete the conversation by putting in one of the following modal verbs: can, can't, could, must , mustn't, needn't, ought to, should, might, 'II, will, won't, shall, would. (Sometimes more than one answer is correct.)

Activity: Act out the conversation in groups of four .

9. Translate these sentences from Russian into English.

1) Вам следовало бы принять это предложение, вы сейчас в очень трудном положении.

2) Боюсь, что вам придется согласиться на наших условиях, у вас нет другого выхода.

3) Наверное, она перепутала адреса, поэтому она опоздала.

4) Если бы мы не вмешались, они, возможно, поссорились бы.

5) Ты, наверное, испугал ее своими угрозами.

6) Я сделаю тебя счастливой, ты будешь делать, что хочешь, тратить, сколько угодно.

7) Доктор велел ей лежать, но она и слышать об этом не хотела.

8) Право же, вы могли бы подумать и о других.

9) Прекрати шуметь! В комнате больной!

10) С какой стати я буду это делать! Я не одна в команде!

11) Вам следовало бы иметь хорошую память.

12) Он предложил, чтобы собрание перенесли на пять часов.

13) Ах, если бы я могла все предвидеть.

14) Приди он к нам еще раз, мы бы и видеть его не хотели.

15) Моя машина никак не заводится!

16) Неужели он отказался тебе помочь? Я о нем была другого мнения.

17) Должно быть, ты перепутала флакончики. Ты должна быть всегда внимательна.

18) Замок по-прежнему не работает, ты бы давно мог его починить.

19) Как мне быть? Как поступить?

20) Она будет меня слушать, теперь, когда у нее никого больше нет кроме меня.

Progress Test

Unit 2

1. Supply the modal verbs can , could, to be able to, or managed to .

1) A good 1500-metre runner … run the race in under four minutes.

2) Bill is so unfit he … run at all!

3) Our baby is only nine months and he … stand up.

4) When I was younger, I … speak Italian much better than I … now.

5) …she speak German well?- No, she … speak German at all.

6) He … draw or paint at all when he was a boy, bat now he is a famous artist.

7) After weeks of training, I … swim a length of the baths underwater.

8) It took a long time, but in the end Tony … save enough to buy his car.

9) Did you buy any fresh fish in the market?- No, I … get any.

10) For days the rescuers looked for the lost climbers in the snow. On the forth day they saw them and … reach them without too much trouble.

2. Rewrite these sentences using the modal verb can/could.

11) Do you see that man over there?

12) I smell something burning.

13) I understood what he said.

14) Did you understand what he said?

15) I don’t hear anything!

3. Rewrite these sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb can and the meaning remains the same.

16) I knew how to skate before I was five.

17) I hope one day we will meet again in more favourable circumstances.

18) It is still very cold here in March.

19) Some supermarket beef tends to be rather tough.

20) In the end we managed to communicate with sign language.

21) If you don’t feel you’ll make a contribution, just say so.

4. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs can or to be able to .

22) They asked if they … go.

23) I … solve her problems for her.

24) I’d like to … write as well as that.

25) … you speak Spanish?

26) I might … help you.

Unit 3

5. Insert the modal verbs may or can into each gap.

27) The engines don’t seem to be working properly. There … be some ice in them.

28) Planes flying in cold countries in winter … have problems because of ice on the wings.

29) Both engines have failed. I’ll try to find a place to land. We haven’t much chance of surviving, but we … be lucky.

30) The engines were not working properly. The pilot said he thought there … be some ice on the wings.

31) He said there wasn’t much chance of surviving, but we … be lucky.

32) He told me that planes flying in cold countries in winter … have problems because of ice on the wings.

6. Make up remarks using the modal verb may in the right form which express a reproach .

33) to a friend who forgot to have the prescription made up on the way home.

34) to a friend who didn’t warn you about a change in the time-table.

35) to a friend who didn’t come to see you when you were ill.

36) to a friend who promised to buy you some oranges at the market.

37) to a person who is not polite to the aged.

38) to a person who interferes in your affairs.

7. Change the following responses using the modal verb may/might to express supposition implying uncertainty.

39) Have you found the registration form?

40) Why didn’t Jane come? She did promise to turn up, didn’t she? ~ Possibly she went to a dentist to have her bad tooth filled.

41) You do look thin and pale why? ~ Perhaps, I have been keeping to a strict diet of salads and very little meat too long.

42) Why did that patient ask the dentist to pull out his bad tooth? ~ Maybe his pain has been bothering him too long.

Unit 4

8. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the modal verb must and the meaning remains the same.

43) I am sure he has got all he needed. Did you see how triumphant he was?

44) She hasn’t come. Probably, she is ill.

45) The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time.

46) Probably, the hotel rates are very high in summer.

47) Probably, Jim is taken ill with flue.

48) They have most likely not realised what opportunity they were losing.

9. Paraphrase the sentences to express supposition implying assurance with reference to the future.

49) He will certainly put up at a hotel. – He is certain to put up at a hotel.

50) I’m almost sure they will come and see me here.

51) Certainly you will see the ceremony with your own eyes.

52) I’m sure Penny will be x-rayed tomorrow.

53) ‘Of course, you’ll see Westminster Abbey and Westminster Palace with its largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben.’

54) He will certainly give you a piece of advice.

55) I’m not sure they will visit London next year.

10. Complete these sentences with the modal verbs (must or may ).

56) Park notice: All dogs … be kept on leads.

57) If you said that, he … be very offended.

58) Warning: No part of this book … be reproduced without the publisher’s permission.

59) … I see your passport, please?

60) Farmers … get up early.

61) … I play the guitar right now?

Unit 5

11. Replace didn’t need to with needn’t + Perfect Infinitive where it is possible .

62) It is sweet of you, but you really didn’t need to buy me flowers.

63) It’s a good job we didn’t need to be here earlier.

64) It was strange that we didn’t need to show our passports.

65) You didn’t need to come and pick me up; I could have got a taxi.

66) There was a sofa in the other room; you didn’t need to sleep on the floor.

67) I didn’t need to use cash; I had my credit card with me after all.

Unit 7

12. Explain the difference in meaning between the two pairs.

68) a) The plane was not to take off at night as the weather was too bad.

b) The plane was to have taken off at night, but the weather was too bad.

69) a) There was to be an interesting concert last night, but I didn’t feel well and had to stay at home.

b) There was to have been an interesting concert last night, but the singer fell ill and the concert had to be postponed.

Unit 8

13. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs must, have to, to be to .

70) I … be late for work tomorrow, because I have a lot to do.

71) I … get up early tomorrow because it’s a holiday.

72) You … come to the station to meet me. I could have got a taxi.

73) I wondered what … to happen to us.

74) We agreed that the one who came first … to reserve seats.

75) You … take the medicine until your cough is cured.

76) It looks like raining. You … take your raincoat.

Unit 10

14. Complete the following sentences using the modal verb should .

77) ‘Why don’t you go for a holiday?’ ~ He suggested that …

78) ‘Stay in bed until I tell you to get up!’ ~ She ordered that …

79) ‘Don’t work too hard.’ ~ She advised that …

80) ‘I I don’t want to do it! It’s not my business.’ ~ Why …

81) ‘I have never heard from him!’ ~ How …

82) Tell her about that accident, please! ~ If you …

Unit 9, 10, 11

15. Insert the modal verbs shall/should or will/would .

83) All the candidates … remain in their seats until the end of the examination.

84) I… let him do that again! (negative)

85) He … smoke when I’m trying to eat.(negative)

86) This car … start and run on leaded petrol! (negative)

87) She … always try to help you.

88) … you open the door for me?

89) He … do as I say!

90) What on earth … we do here?

91) ‘But that it … have been you who saw me drunk!’

92) Terry was anxious that I … stay to dinner.

93) Ethel … talk about what doesn’t concern her!

94) Was it possible that Dick … turn his thoughts from his work?

16. Translate from Russian into English.

95) Ему не следовало бы заставлять нас ждать так долго!

96) Этот вопрос уже давно следовало бы решить.

97) Вам следовало бы уделять больше времени этой работе. Она очень важна.

98) Он предложил, чтобы собрание назначили на 5 часов.

99) С какой стати я должен это делать?

100) Без несчастных случаев дело не обходится.

Total: 100/____

MOOD. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

ENTRY TEST

Units 3-4

1. Choose the correct word or phrase to fill the spaces.

1) Mother will be very tired if she ..… home by train. .

2) If I ..… her address, I would give it to you.

3) If I were taller, I ..... a policeman.

4) If I tell you a secret, ...... not to tell it to anyone else?

5) Unless you ..... more careful, you will have an accident.

6) … he arrives, everyone must stand.

7) If you … away, please write to me.

8) If I … Jack, I'll tell him the news.

9) … you had a baby girl. What would you call her?

10) Peter … his exams if he studies hard.

2. Choose the correct answer.

11) If I see/will see Mike I tell/will tell him everything.

12) If you don't hurry/will hurry , you will miss/miss the train.

13) If I go/would go to the seaside, I'll take/take my son with me.

14) If Mike receives/has received the telegram I'm sure he phones/will phone you tomorrow.

15) As soon as/before you hear the alarm, run for the exit.

16) His French won't improve provided/unless he studies with me.

17) If you phone/will phone me I will pick/pick you up.

18) If she changed/would change her job she earned/would earn more.

19) If I lived/would live in Spain I did/would do a lot of sunbathing.

20) If I stay/will stay late I always get/will get a taxi.

3. Choose between Conditional Type I and Type II to complete the dialogue.

Unit 5

4. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

49) Jessica was here not long ago. If you … (come round) earlier, you … (see) her.

50) I'm so glad that you took me to your friend's party. If we … (not go) there, I … (never meet) Ann.

51) They've been married for 25 years now but I don't think she … (marry) him if she … (know) what a selfish man he was.

52) Fortunately, the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It … (be) a disaster if it … (happen) in the middle of the day.

53) We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it … (be) a nice day, we … (go) for a picnic.

54) If you … (come) to the theatre yesterday, you … (enjoy) the play.

55) She … (get) a promotion last year, if she … (not argue) with the boss.

56) If only I … (know) you already had tickets, I … (not get) any for you.

57) The accident was Ann's fault. She was driving too close to the car in front. If she … (be) further away he … (be able) to stop in time.

58) We were traveling with false passports. That was the trouble. If our passports … (be) all right we … (not be) arrested.

5. Complete the following sentences.

59) We would have stayed in Moscow longer … .

60) I wouldn't have been so angry when we got there … .

61) If I had read more … .

62) If you had known about the party yesterday … .

63) They would have got tickets for you … .

6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the center of town. As usual, he only stole 10 pounds. If he (64) … (leave) any clues, he (65) … (be) in prison now, but he is too much clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he (66) … (not/do) that, the police (67) … (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn't seem to be interested in the money; if he (68) … (be), he (69) … (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he (70) … (think) they weren't going to arrest Fingers eventually, he (71) … (leave) the police force long ago.

Unit 7

7. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negative.

72) Peter is always late. If only … (turn up) on time for a change.

73) If only … (lose) all my money. Now I'm broke.

74) Bruce wishes he … (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.

75) I wish it … (snow) now that it's Christmas.

76) I wish you … (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows everything.

77) Of course Tom wishes he … (come) with us to Paris, but he has to stay here and work.

78) I wish we … (go) to the match on Saturday, but we're visiting my uncle instead.

79) I wish you … (do) that. It annoys me.

80) I wish you … (stop) watching TV while I am talking to you.

81) I wish … (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

8. Translate into English.

82) Хорошо бы завтра не было дождя.

83) Если бы ты позвонил мне вчера, я бы взяла твои книги.

84) Я позволю своему сыну поехать туда, если он бросит эту идею.

85) Жаль, что ты этого не понимаешь.

86) На твоём месте, я не придавала бы этой проблеме такое огромное значение.

87) Жаль, что сегодня так холодно.

88) Если бы вы приняли лекарство, вы бы были сейчас здоровы.

89) Мы посидим в кафе, пока они будут ходить по магазинам.

90) Он бы не провалил вступительный экзамен, если бы усерднее готовился к нему.

91) Я пошлю ему телеграмму, если он завтра не приедет.

92) Хорошо бы он уже пришёл.

93) Я буду обращаться к нему по этому вопросу до тех пор, пока не добьюсь своего.

94) Он пожалел, что не знает адреса девушки.

95) Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы никогда не стал разговаривать с ней таким тоном.

96) Если бы она не любила его, она бы не поехала с ним.

97) Он выступал первым. Ах, если бы вы слышали, как он говорил.

98) Теперь они смеются надо мной. Ах, если бы я не показывал им эти стихи.

99) Если бы ты вовремя предупредил меня, я бы никогда не пошла туда.

100) Жаль, что они расстались. Они были прекрасной парой.

Total: 100/ ________

Unit 1 The Indicative, Imperative,

and Subjunctive Moods.

§ 1 Mood. General Information

Mood is the form of the verb that shows in what relation to reality the speaker places the action expressed by the predicate verb.

There are the following three moods in English:

· the Indicative Mood ,

· the Imperative Mood , and

· the Subjunctive Mood .

The Indicative Mood presents actions as real facts: We are happy. No one has washed the dishes yet. They invited me to the party.

The Indicative Mood has the categories of tense, aspect, voice, number and person (see Part II): Jane hasn't been here for a year. He is going to college. He can't be relied on.

The Imperative Mood expresses a command or request . The verb in the Imperative Mood has practically only one form which coincides with the stem of the verb: Introduce me to your friend. Don't speak to me in such a tone!

The verb let is used, as a rule, with imperative first and third person expressions, as Let us assemble in the hall! or Let every one sign his name .

The Subjunctive Mood of a verb indicates action or state as supposed or imagined or as contrary to the fact:

If only I had much money! (but I don’t have it) – Если бы у меня были (сейчас) деньги! (но у меня их нет)

If only I hadn’t failed my English exam! (but I failed) – Если бы только я не провалил свой экзамен по английскому языку! (но я провалил).

§ 2 The Subjunctive Mood

1. The forms of the Subjunctive Mood.

The most common forms of the Subjunctive Mood may be referred to as the Present Subjunctive, the Past Subjunctive and the Perfect Subjunctive.

The Present Subjunctive Mood has the same form as the Infinitive without to :

Though all the world be false, still will I be true.

In complex sentences after that- clause it may also have the form of the auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (now very seldom) and the Infinitive of the notional verb:

I recommend that the plans (should) be carried through. (The verb should is often omitted).

The Past Subjunctive has the same form as the Past Indefinite, except the verb to be that has the form were for all the persons singular and plural:

I wish he worked harder. (but he doesn’t)

I wish he were less remote .(but he is not)

I wish you were here. (but you are not)

The Perfect Subjunctive has the same forms as the Past Perfect:

If only he had worked harder (but he didn’t)

If I had visited him yesterday! (but I didn’t)

He speaks about it as if he had seen it himself (but he didn’t)

2. The use of the Subjunctive Mood.

The Subjunctive Mood may be used nowadays in simple sentences to express hope, wish or prayer (the Present Subjunctive) as in:

God save the Queen! God forgive you! Manners be hanged !

But mostly the Subjunctive Mood is used in complex sentences:

· in that- clauses expressing resolution, recommendation, command or necessity (the Present Subjunctive ):

The judge demands that the prisoner tell the truth.

I insist that he (should) meet me ;

· in if- clauses and after the verb to wish (see Unit 7) to denote an unreal condition referring to the present or future or to the past if the verb in the if-clause expresses an action simultaneous with the action in the principal clause (the Past Subjunctive ):

If I were young!

I wish I were a gipsy.

I wished he were less remote.

He wished she would stop thanking him.

· in conditional sentences both in the subordinate clause (if- clause) to express an unreal condition , and in the principal (main) clause to express an unreal consequence (see Units 2-6):

1) If she were here, you would notice him. (The Past Subjunctive)

Если бы она был а здесь, она бы заметила его

the if- clause the main clause

2) If we had had a rope, we could have saved him. (The Perfect

Если бы у нас (тогда) был канат, Subjunctive)

мы бы спасли его

the if- clause the main clause

Unit 2 Three Types of Conditional Sentences

1. So, both the Indicative Mood and the Subjunctive Mood are used in conditional sentences to express different types of condition and consequence.

The verb in the Indicative Mood in one of the present tenses expresses a real condition and a real consequence:

If it rains, I shall stay at home.

If you have finished, you can go out.

The verb in the Subjunctive Mood (the Past and Perfect Subjunctive ) expresses different unreal conditions and consequences :

1) an unreal condition and consequence in the present or future is expressed by the verb in the Past Subjunctive :

If only we had a rope (but we haven’t) we could save him !

(Ср. рус.: Если бы у нас (сейчас) был канат! )

If only it rained tomorrow (but it may not), I could stay at home!

2) an unreal condition in the past is expressed by the verb in the Perfect Subjunctive :

If only we had had a rope (but we didn’t) we could have saved him. (Ср. рус.: Если бы у нас (тогда) был канат, мы бы его спасли )

2. Thus, we may speak about three major types of complex conditional sentences, or conditionals (Units 3-5):

1) Conditional I : with a real condition and a real consequence expressed by verbs in the Indicative Mood:

If he runs, he will catch the train.

2) Conditional II : with an unreal condition and an unreal consequence in the present or future expressed by verbs in the Past Subjunctive:

If he ran, he would catch the train.

3) Conditional III : with an unreal condition in the past and an unreal consequence expressed by verbs in the Perfect Subjunctive:

If he had run, he would have caught the train.

3. There is also a mixed type of conditional sentences with an unreal condition (Unit 6) where:

a) the condition refers to the past but the consequence refers to the present or future:

If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well today.

b) the condition refers to no particular time and the conesquence refers to the past:

If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have mistaken you for your sister.

Unit 3 Type I Conditionals with Real Condition

Type I Conditionals talk about things which will possibly happen and consider their real consequences for the future.

If I see her, I shall be very glad. Если я увижу её, я буду очень рад.

Type I Conditionals may have the following structures:

1. The verb in the if -clause is in the Present Indefinite tense; the verb in the main clause is in the Future Indefinite :

if- clause main clause

if + Present Indefinite Future Indefinite (will + Infinitive)

If he works hard he will pass his exams

2. Other structures in the if- clause and in the main clause are possible, depending on what you want to say:

if - clause main clause

if + Present Indefinite modal verb

If you behave yourself, you can come.

if + Present Indefinite to be going to (future)

If you don't work , you're going to fail.

if + Present Indefinite Imperative

If you need anything, ask.

if + Present Continuous will + Infinitive

If we're leaving soon, I'll get on my coat.

if + Present Perfect will + Infinitive

If I've finished , I'll be able to come.

if + Present Perfect modal verb

If you've finished , you can go out

Imperative and/or + will

Eat less, and you will get slim.

3. Alternatives to ‘if’ in conditionals.

So/As long as you promise not to tell, you can come too.

You can drive this car provided/providing (that) you're fully insured.

Suppose/Supposing something goes wrong, what then?

Mario can't come with us, even if he is your best friend.

You can come in on condition that you don't stay long.

Unless Peter changes his attitude, he's going to find himself in trouble.

(Unless you go = If you don't go)

E X E R C I S E S

1. Put the verbs into the correct form.

1) If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to tell it to anyone else?

2) If I lend you $10, when you (repay) me?

3) If you will kindly sit down, I (make) enquires for you.

4) The police (arrest) him if they catch him.

5) Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.

6) Unless he (sell) more he won’t get much commission.

7) If the house (burn) down we can claim compensation.

8) Unless you are more careful, you (have) an accident.

9) If a driver brakes suddenly on a wet road he (skid) .

10) If you (not known) the meaning of a word you may use a dictionary.

11) I’m not expecting any messages you say that I’ll be (ring) while I am out could you say that I’ll be back by 6.00?

12) If Jack (refuse) to help we’ll have to manage without him.

13) You can ask for a continental breakfast if you (not want) a full breakfast.

14) If you (finish) with your dictionary I’d like to borrow it.

2 . Put the verbs into the correct tenses.

1) I’ll look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.

2) If you (like) I (get) you a job in this company.

3) If you (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object) .

4) I’ll wash the glasses in this nice hot water. – No, don’t. If you (put) them into very hot water they (crack) .

5) I expect it will freeze tonight. – If it (freeze) tonight the roads (be) slippery tomorrow.

6) He’s only 16 but he wants to leave school at the end of the term. – If he (leave) now he (be) sorry afterwards.

7) If he (win) he (get) $1,000, if he (come) in second he (get) $500.

8) If you (give) me your phone number, sir, we (let) you know when it (arrive) .

9) How long ... it ... (take) if you (order) one for me?

10) If it (not fit) , madam, (bring) it back and we (change) it.

11) If you (wait) a minute, sir, I (see) if the manager (be) free.

12) I (get) any discount if I (pay) cash?

13) If you (leave) it with me now, it (not take) more than a couple of days to repair.

14) If you (not see) what you (want) , sir, just (ask) one of the assistants.

3. Use the correct verb form instead of the Infinitive in brackets.

1) Mother (to be) very tired, if she (to go) home by train.

2) If the weather (to be) fine next weekend, we (to go) to the country.

3) I (to be) always at home if you (to ring) me up this summer.

4) I always (to help) you this year if you (to need) help.

5) Granny sometimes (not to hear) if little Eddie (to call) her.

6) If the days (to be) sunny in spring, we (to work) in the garden.

7) If Father (to leave) for the south, Mother (to start) preparations.

8) If my parents (not to work) on Saturday, we all (to go) skiing.

9) My father (to buy) a new house, if the bank manager (to lend) him the money.

4. Choose the correct expression in the following sentences.

Model: You can drop in and see us whenever/on condition you like.

1) Until/When he arrives, everyone must stand.

2) We’re not going to stop digging until/as soon as we find the ancient ruins.

3) They’re going to check the building before/as long as the President arrives.

4) Those flowers will be in bloom immediately/by the time spring comes.

5) Please phone your dad the time/immediately .

6) Supposing/In case you had a baby girl –what would you call her?

7) Whether/If Chelsea wins the cups depends on Dennis being on good form.

8) When/After the Smiths arrive, ask them to wait outside my office.

9) As soon as/Before you hear the alarm, run for the exit.

10) You’ll recover quickly once/provided you rest.

5. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets. Use will, going to, Present Simple and Present Perfect. There are may be two possibilities.

Model: As soon as I save/have saved (save) enough money, I’m going to go on a long holiday.

1) I hope you’ll be awake when I ____(come) home.

2) Come when you ___ (be) ready.

3) We’d like to stay up until the film ___ (finish).

4) All the tickets will have been sold by the time we ___ (get) there.

5) Don’t open your eyes till I ___ (tell) you to.

6) Whether she ___ (play) on Saturday depends on what the doctor says.

7) I ___ (tell) you a secret on condition that you ___ (not tell) anyone else.

8) I ___ (lend) you the book as long as you ___ it ___ (bring back) on Monday.

9) We ___ (take) our swimming things in case we ___ (get) a chance to go swimming.

10) We ___ (go) to bed as soon as the programme ___ (finish) .

6 . Rewrite each of the following to form a conditional sentence (Type I).

1) The chauffeur may drive fast. Then they’ll catch their train.

2) Perhaps both Steve and James will be successful. Then everyone will be happy.

3) His mother wants to make him study law. Then he’ll be unhappy.

4) Caroline wants to change her job. Then she’ll earn more money.

5) Perhaps Steve won’t go to university. Then he’ll start work in a bank.

6) He wants to go to university. Then he’ll study history or languages.

7) Perhaps she won’t say anything. Then he’ll decide himself.

8) James wants to become a tennis player. Then he’ll make a lot of money.

9) We may have a puncture. Then we’ll telephone the nearest garage.

7. Some workers are demonstrating outside their factory. Use their demands to decide what they actually say to the managers and make conditional sentences (Type 1).

8. The managers of the factory are considering the worker’s demands. Complete the sentences by choosing suitable linking word from the box below.

provided that, supposing, unless, in case, as long as, so long as

1) We’ll pay them more money ___ they work harder.

2) We won’t give them longer holidays ___ they promise to be more productive.

3) We won’t shorten their lunch-break ___ they agree to start earlier.

4) We’ll have to improve safety standards ___ someone has an accident.

5) We’ll consider providing better working conditions ___ we have enough money.

6) ___ we introduce a shorter working week, how will we make a profit?

7) We’ll include worker representatives in the Board of Directors ___ they’re trained to manage.

8) We’ll let some of full-time workers stay with us ___ they agree to be lower-paid.

9. Complete the following sentences .

1) You’ll soon be in trouble if ... .

2) If you help me a bit, ... .

3) Dad, if you carry on like this, I ... .

4) If you drive so fast, we ... .

5) The house will soon be very dirty, if ... .

6) If they get a new manager, he ... .

7) The team won’t make more money unless ... .

8) You won’t be seasick if ... .

9) Why don’t you visit Mom if ... .

10) More people won’t visit their matches unless ... .

11) What will happen if ... ?

12) Look up the answer in the key only if ... .

13) ... only if you promise not to tell anyone else.

14) If the worst should come to the worst ... .

15) Give me time and ... .

16) We’ll just manage to catch the train if ... .

17) If I see him again I ... .

18) What will he say if ... ?

10. Think of a suitable way to complete the second half of the dialogue.

Model: – Do you think we’ll still catch the train?

– Well, we won’t unless we hurry.

1) – Do you think Patrick has much chance to pass the summer session?

– Well, we won’t unless .... .

2) – I hear you’re planning to go camping next weekend.

– We hope to, provide that ,... .

3) – You don’t need to take a map, do you?

– But supposing ... ?

4) – Do you think I should send it registered post?

– It might be a good idea, just in case .... .

5) – Can I borrow your car?

– Yes, so long as ... .

6) – So, you’re thinking of buying that second-hand car?

– Well, as long as ... .

7) – Are you going to ask Nick to help you?

– Well, unless ... .

8) – Could you lend me some money, Pete, to repair my motorbike?

– I will, so long as ... .

9) – Jane, tell Mr. Lewis I’ll see him right away.

– I do, in case ... .

10) – Oh, dear, tell me what’s happened to Sue?

– O.K. I’ll tell you the whole truth so long as ... .

11. Translate into English:

1) Я пошлю ему телеграмму, если он завтра не приедет.

2) Как только я получу водительское удостоверение, я сразу же куплю машину.

3) При условии, что ты будешь есть меньше, ты не будешь такой полной.

4) Мы посидим в баре, пока она ходит по магазинам.

5) Я вернусь не позднее 6 часов, если меня не задержат в университете.

6) Он не придёт, если его жене не станет лучше.

7) В случае, если пойдёт дождь, я останусь дома.

8) Когда бы вы не пришли ко мне, я всегда буду рад вас видеть.

9) Если Анна посмотрит эту передачу по телевидению, то она будет знать о чём идёт речь.

10) Как только они завершат работу над докладом, они вернутся к этой проблеме.

11) Я загляну позже, если будут какие-нибудь новости.

12) Если ты не будешь вести машину осторожно, ты попадёшь в аварию.

13) Собака залает, если ты постучишь в дверь.

14) Если я закончу все дела на этой неделе, я уеду в заграничное путешествие.

15) Мы поедем отдыхать при условии, что ты сдашь экзамен по английскому языку,

Unit 4 Type II ConditionalS

1. Type II Conditionals usually talk about imaginary situations referring to the present or future in the if- clause and speculate about their imaginary consequences in the main clause.

if- clause main clause

If + Subjunctive Past would + Infinitive

If it rained tomorrow he would stay at home

Though past tenses are used, the reference is not to the past time but to the present or future.

Subjunctive Past (see Unit 2 in this chapter) is used in if- clause and the group ‘modal verb (most often would or should ) + Infinitive’ forms a compound verbal predicate in the main clause:

In spoken English would is often shortened to ‘d: If you stopped smoking, you’d feel better.

Other modals can replace 'would' in Type II Conditionals when we feel the imaginary consequences are less likely, or when we are referring to ability, possibility, etc.:

condition to be satisfied likely outcome

If I were here, he could help us (ability) .

If he were here he might help us (possibility) .

If he failed , he ought to/should try again (duty) .

2. Type II Conditionals are used:

1) When the supposition is contrary to the fact:

If I knew her address, I would give it to you (but I don't know it).

If I were taller, I would become a policeman (but I am not).

2) When we don't expect the action in the if- clause to take place:

If a burglar came into my room, I should throw something at him (but I don't expect a burglar to come in).

If he ran all the way, he would get there in time (but I don't suppose he will run all the way).

3) To give advice or to refer to somebody else:

If I were Jane/in Jane's position , I'd walk out on him.

NOTE: If I were

'Were' should be used in place of 'was' after If I/she/he/it.

If I were better qualified, I would apply for the job.

If I were you, I would go there by bus.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Put the verb into the correct form.

Model: If I found $100 in the street, I would keep (keep) it.

1) I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if he ___ (refuse) .

2) Many people would be out of work if that factory ___ (close) down.

3) If she sold her car, she ___ (not/get) much money for it.

4) They’re expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ___ (not/come) .

5) Would George be angry if I ___ (take) his bicycle without asking.

6) Ann gave me this ring. She___ (be) terribly upset if I lost it.

7) If someone ___ (walk) in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened.

8) What would happen if you ___ (not/go) to work tomorrow.

9) I’d climb over the wall if there ___ (not be) so much broken glass on top of it.

10) I ___ (keep) a dog if I could afford it.

11) The whole machine would fall to pieces if you ___ (remove) that screw.

12) If you ___ (change) your job would it affect your pension?

13) If they ___ (ban) the sale of alcohol at football match there might be less violence.

14) If you slept under a mosquito net you ___ (not be) bitten so often.

15) If we ___ (reduce) taxes, people would have more money.

16) Would you mind if I ___ (not/give) you the money I owe you today?

2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense form.

1) If you drove more carefully, you (not have) so many accidents.

2) If he (get up) earlier, he would get to work on time.

3) If we (have) more time, I could tell you more about it.

4) His car would be a lot safer if he (buy) some new tyres.

5) The children would be better swimmers if they (go) swimming more frequently.

6) I wouldn’t mind having children if we (live) in the country.

7) If I (be) you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university.

8) If I (have) any money, I’d give you some.

9) Your parents (be) a lot happier if you phoned them more often.

10) Where would you like to live if you (not live) in Paris?

11) What would you do if you suddenly (win) half a million pounds?

12) Would you mind if I (not give) you the money I owe you today?

13) If I had to go to hospital, I (not go) to this one.

14) If you (sell) more products, you would earn more money.

3. Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

4. What would they do? Put the verbs in the correct tense and form:

5. Write Type II Conditionals to match these situations .

Model: I don’t have a spare ticket. I can’t take you to the concert.

If I had a spare ticket, I could/would take you to the concert.

1) She drinks too much coffee. She doesn’t feel calm.

2) He can’t type. He isn’t able to operate a computer.

3) They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution.

4) I’m in a hurry. I won’t stay to dinner.

5) She is not in your position. She isn’t able to advise you.

6) He’s not a millionaire. He won’t buy you a palace.

7) The weather isn’t sunny. We won’t stay indoors.

8) I am fit. I will go climbing.

9) He sits around too much. He isn’t fit.

6. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could, ought to, might in the main clause.

1) If she (be) here now, she (give) us some advice.

2) If he (fail) in his present job, he (think) about another career.

3) If you (can play) a musical instrument, you (help) with the school orchestra.

4) If they (have) the right qualifications, they (be able to) apply for better jobs.

5) If she (can have) some lessons, she (improve) her performance.

6) If we (run) our own business, we (be) more independent.

7) If John (go) to this town, he (visit) his mother.

8) If Susan (borrow) your book, she (return) it.

9) If Frank (want) advice, he (ask) his bank manager.

7. The following things might happen. What would you do if they happened to you? Write your answers .

Model: If I found a gold ring in the street, I would give it to my sister.

1) If I lived on a tropical island, ___ .

2) If I forgot my best friend’s birthday, ___ .

3) If I saw someone hurt in an accident, ___.

4) If I spilled orange juice on my English homework, ___.

5) If I had a million dollars, ___.

6) If I found a purse full of money in a bus, ___.

7) If all the lights suddenly went out, ___.

8) If I met a famous pop star, ___.

9) If I lost my house key, ___.

10) If the television broke down in the middle of my favourite programme, ___.

11) If I lived in the USA, ___.

12) If I were a President of, ___.

13) If I could travel anywhere in the world, ___.

14) If today were the last day of my life, ___.

15) If I were an English teacher, ___.

16) If I were an excellent partner, ___.

17) If I could have any job I wanted, ___.

8. Put the verb into the correct form.

LYING IN THE SUN

Two tramps, Eugine and Sergio, were lying in the sun.

9. Your friend can’t decide where to go on holiday. Make some suggestions about where he/she could go and what he/she could do. (He/She could visit famous buildings; practise languages; eat national dishes; do/watch certain sports).

Model: Spain

If you went to Spain, you could eat paella, lie in the sun, watch a bull-fight and speak Spanish.

1) London; 2) Scotland; 3) India; 4) Mexico; 5) Paris; 6) Italy; 7) Egypt;

8) New York.

10. Translate into English:

1) Я бы не интересовался этим вопросом, если бы не возрастало его значение.

2) На вашем месте, я бы разговаривал с дочерью по-английски.

3) Если бы я разбогатела, я бы купила новый автомобиль.

4) – Куда бы ты сходил, если бы у тебя было свободное время? – Я бы, конечно, сходил в кино. Очень интересный фильм идёт в нашем кинотеатре.

5) Если бы театр был ближе, мы смогли бы пойти пешком.

6) – Кого бы вы пригласили, если бы организовали вечер в институте? – Мы бы пригласили своих друзей.

7) – Что бы ты купила, если бы твоя подруга пригласила тебя на день рождения? – Я бы, конечно, купила цветы. Она очень любит цветы.

8) На вашем месте, я бы не принимал столь скоропалительное и необдуманное решение.

9) – Пойдём сыграем футбол! – Я бы с большим удовольствием присоединился к вам, если бы не завтрашний экзамен по математике.

10) Твоё платье сразу бы стало выглядеть лучше, если бы ты поменяла пуговицы.

11) Я бы дала тебе её адрес, если бы знала его.

12) На твоём месте я бы обратился к адвокату, а ты предпочитаешь помощь какого-то Спарка.

13) Она не взяла бы деньги, даже если бы он и предложил.

14) Если бы он интересовался английским, то использовал бы любую возможность поговорить на языке.

15) Мы бы увидели эту парочку, если бы подождали ещё минутку.

Unit 5 Type III ConditionalS

1. Type III Conditionals assume something purely imaginary in the if -clause and consider the imagined consequences in the main clause.

if-clause main clause

if + Past Perfect would + Perfect Infinitive

If he had tried harder, he would have succeeded.

Other modals can replace would in Type III Conditionals when we feel that the imagined consequences were less likely, or when we are referring to ability, possibility, etc.:

imagined condition imagined outcome

If he had been here yesterday, he could have told us (ability) .

If he had been here yesterday, he might have told us (possibility ).

If he had received a present, he should have thanked her (duty) .

2. Type III Conditionals refer to consequences which did not and could not ever happen because they refer to something that didn't happen in the past .

If I had worked harder at school, I'd have got a better job (referring to something possible: often expressing regret).

If I had lived in the Stone Age, I would have been a hunter (referring to a completely impossible situation).

3. If I had been you/in your position

These expressions are often used to describe actions we would have followed in someone else's positions.

If I had been you I would have married to him

4. Inversion with had in Type III Conditionals

The form Had (he) is a formal variation of if (he) had .

Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn't have happened .

E X E R C I S E S

1. Put the verb into the correct form.

Model: If I had known (know) that you were ill last week, I’d have gone to see you.

1) Tom got to the station in time. If he ___ (miss) the train, he would have been late for his interview.

2) It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I ___ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.

3) We might not have stayed at this hotel if George ___ (not/recommend) it to us.

4) I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on holiday if I ___ (have) your address.

5) Rome ___ (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn’t cackled.

6) If he had put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he ___ (not burn) a hole in his coat.

7) You ___ (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

8) I ___ (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way.

9) He would have been arrested if he ___ (try) to leave the country.

10) They would have forced their way into the house if I ___ (not call) for help.

11) If you hadn’t been in such a hurry you ___ (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.

12) If I ___ (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

13) You ___ (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

14) She had a headache; otherwise she ___ (come) with us.

15) If you ___ (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.

2. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could have (done) or might have (done) in the main class.

Model: If I had managed (manage) to repair my car earlier, I could have driven (drive) you to London.

1) If I ___ (know) last week that she was ill, I ___ (visit) her.

2) If you ___ (not want) to drive straight home, we ___ (miss) all this traffic.

3) If you ___ (ask) politely, I ___ (help) you.

4) If the weather forecast ___ (be) different, we ___ (stay) at home.

5) We ___ (be) at the airport for hours, if we ___ (not know) that the flight was delayed.

6) I ___ (make) a bad mistake, if I ___ (not read) the instructions.

7) We ___ (have) an accident, if our car ___ (not be) properly serviced.

8) If he ___ (fasten) his seatbelt, he ___ (not be) hurt.

9) She ___ (not hear) the news, if she ___ (not turn on) the radio this morning.

10) If they ___ (could see) us, they ___ (laugh).

11) They ___ (play) better, if they ___ (have) more training.

3. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets.

WILL YOU LEND ME YOUR BIKE?

4. The Principal of the Express School of English is thinking about his life, and the conditions that led him to do things. What does he say to himself? Write sentences with an if-clause.

1) (I started the school after the bank lent me $50.000.). If the bank hadn’t lent me $50.000 I wouldn’t have started the school.

2) (I continued because the school was a success). I ___ if the school ___ a success.

3) (We won the Pacifica University contract, so we didn’t have money problems). If we ___ the Pacifica University contract, we ___ money problems.

4) (I didn’t retire, so we didn’t go to live in Italy). If I ___ we ___ to live in Italy.

5) (We didn’t build another language lab because there weren’t enough students). We ___ another language lab if ___ ___ enough students.

6) (We didn’t move to a better building because the rent for this building was so low). We ___ to a better building if the rent for this building ___ so low.

7) (Anyway, our teachers with us because there was a friendly atmosphere). Anyway, our teachers ___ with us if ___ a friendly atmosphere.

5. Open the brackets.

BOTH RIGHT AND BOTH WRONG

The black car screamed round the corner on the wrong side of the road and passed a white car doing exactly the same thing in the other direction. Both drivers stopped and got out of their cars. ‘If I (1) (be) had been on my side of the road, you (2) ___ (kill) me’, driver A shouted. ‘But you weren’t on your side of the road,’ driver B shouted back. ‘If you (3) ___ (... driving) more carefully, you (4) ___ (not be) on the wrong side of the road.’ ‘If I (5) ___ (know) what was round the corner, I (6) ___ (keep) to my side of the road,’ driver A said. ‘If you (7) ___ (know) what was round the corner, you (8) ___ (... not driving) so carelessly.’ Suddenly, both men stopped shouting and driver A said, very quietly, ‘If we both (9) ___ (not be) on the wrong side of the road. we (10) ___ (be) dead now.’ Without speaking a further word, both men shook hands and drove away.

6. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.).

Model: John ate too much cake, so he was sick .

If John hadn’t eaten too/so much cake, he wouldn’t have been sick.

1) We came home from our holiday early because we ran out of money.

2) The house didn’t burn down because the fire brigade came immediately.

3) The men were wearing protective clothing, so they were all quite safe.

4) I had an accident because I wasn’t watching the road.

5) I was sweating because it was so hot.

6) My father didn’t earn much money, so life wasn’t easy for us.

7) I didn’t enjoy school, so I didn’t do very well.

7. Read a situation and write a sentence with if.

Model: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry

If she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.

1) The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.

If the driver in front ___.

2) I didn’t wake Nora because I didn’t know she wanted to get up early.

If I ___.

3) She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.

If ___.

4) I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.

If ___.

5) You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.

If ___.

6) She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her.

If ___.

8. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.

Model: Unfortunately I didn’t see him, so I couldn’t give him your message.

If I had seen him, I could have given him your message.

1) Unfortunately he didn’t pass his exams or he might have gone to university.

2) He didn’t realize what was happening or he would have run away.

3) Fortunately I didn’t hear what she said or I would have been very angry.

4) They got in because you didn’t lock the door properly.

5) It only happened because you didn’t follow the instructions.

6) Luckily she didn’t find out or she would have been furious.

7) It’s lucky we looked a room or we would have had nowhere to stay.

8) It’s a good job we weren’t going any faster or someone could have been killed.

9) He was so tired that he went home at lunchtime.

9. Complete the sentences .

1) If I’d had my eye damaged, ... .

2) We would have flown to California ... .

3) The flight wouldn’t have been delayed if ... .

4) I would never have known if ... .

5) If I had read more ... .

6) They would have signed the contract if ... .

7) We would have stayed in Paris longer ... .

8) We wouldn’t have spent all our money if ... .

9) If the adverts had said something about the noise from traffic, ... .

10) If I’d seen an accident, ... .

11) She wouldn’t have called you liar if ... .

12) Mr Spark wouldn’t have gone to the pub if ... .

13) There might be an accident if ... .

14) If I had felt seasick, ... .

10. Translate into English

1) Я бы не уволился, если бы они повысили тогда зарплату.

2) Я бы не провалил экзамен, если бы подготовился к нему как положено.

3) Моя сестра купила бы этот костюм ещё в прошлом месяце, если бы получила зарплату вовремя.

4) Я бы пошёл на вчерашнюю вечеринку, если бы Смиты меня пригласили.

5) Если бы прошлым летом у меня был автомобиль, я бы ездил на пляж каждое утро.

6) Наше предприятие не закрыли бы, если бы мы отдали все долги до марта.

7) Если бы она не прислала вчера это письмо, мой брат был бы сейчас дома.

8) Вы бы не разбили вазу, если бы были осторожнее.

9) Если бы Кити приняла вчера лекарство, она бы чувствовала себя хорошо сегодня.

10) Если бы не дождь, мы бы могли сейчас поехать за город.

11) Вы бы не разбили вазу, если бы были осторожнее.

12) Если бы ни Вы, я бы никогда не выполнил эту работу вовремя.

13) Торт сгорел бы, если бы я не пошла на кухню.

14) Мы бы не пошли в ресторан, если бы знали цены.

15) Костёр не погас бы, если бы мы подбрасывали в него дрова (to put logs).

Unit 6 Mixed Conditionals

(see Unit 2, 3)

E x e r c i s e s

1. Match the clauses together to make mixed conditional sentences.

2. Use mixed conditionals in these sentences.

1) If I ___ (be) you, I ___ (check) my facts before I wrote the letter.

2) If you ___ (be) so hungry, you ___ (not miss) breakfast.

3) If he ___ (not catch) the 5.30 train, he ___ (not arrive) for another two hours.

4) He ___ (feel) very tired today if he ___ (play) rugby yesterday.

5) If the snake bite ___ (be) poisonous, you ___ (feel) very ill now.

6) If I ___ (be) in your position, I ___ (answer) his letter by now.

3. Two scouts, Alan and Bob, are sheltering from a storm. They are discussing what has happened, and what to do now. Complete the conversation with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

4. Put in the right conditionals.

THE SECRET OF A LONG LIFE

Grygori Pilikan recently celebrated his 114^th birthday and reporters visited him in his mountain village in Georgia to find out the secret of a long life. ‘The secret of a long life,’ Grygori said, ‘is happiness. If you (1) (be) are happy, you will live a long time.’ ‘Are you married?’ a reporter asked. ‘Yes,’ Grygori replied. ‘I married my third wife when I was 102. If you happily married, you (2) ___ (live) for ever. But for my third wife, I (3) ___(die) years ago.’ ‘What about smoking and drinking?’ a reporter asked. ‘Yes, they are important,’ Grygori said. ‘Don’t smoke at all and you (4) ___ (feel) well. Drink two glasses of wine a day and you (5) ___ (be) healthy and happy.’ ‘If you (6) ___ (can/live) your life again, what (7) ___ (you/do) ?’ a reporter asked.’ ‘I would do what I have done. If I had more sense, I (8) ___ (eat) more yoghourt!’ he chuckled. ‘Supposing you (9) __ (can/change) one thing in your life what (10) ___ (you/change) ?’ another reporter asked. ‘Not much,’ Grygori replied. ‘So you don’t have any regrets?’ ‘Yes, I have one regret,’ Grygori replied. ‘If I (11) ___ (know) I was going to live so long, I (12) ___ (look after) myself better!’

5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets .

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Fingers Smith, robbed another bank in the centre of town. As usual, he only stole $10. If he (1) had left (leave) any clues, he (2) ___ (be) in prison now, but he’s much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he (3) ___ (not/do) that, the police (4) ___ (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Fingers doesn’t seem to be interested in the money; if he (5) ___ (be) , he (6) ___ (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he (7) ___ (think) they weren’t going to arrest Fingers eventually, he (8) ___ (leave) the police force long ago.

6. Translate into Russian .

1) Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он не принял бы вас за мою сестру.

2) Алиса не купила бы эти книги, если бы не сдавала экзамен по истории.

3) Если бы вы приняли лекарство, вы были бы сейчас здоровы.

4) Если бы Чарльз знал адрес, он бы уже пришёл к этому времени.

5) Вероника не поехала бы с ним на Север после окончания института, если бы не любила его.

6) Если бы мы не были знакомы, он бы не пригласил нас на вечер.

7) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы проверил факты до того как написал письмо.

8) Он бы не опоздал на завтрак, если бы не разговаривал по телефону так долго.

9) Если бы ты была более тактичным человеком, ты бы не сказала ей это.

10) Если бы Сью работала усерднее в прошлом месяце, она не была бы так занята сейчас.

UNIT 7 "IF ONLY" , "I WISH"

If only

'Only' can be placed after if and indicates hope, wish or regret according to the tense used with it:

a) if only + Present Indefinite / Future Indefinite – to express hope

If only he comes in time (= we hope he will come).

If only he will listen to her (= we hope he will be willing to listen).

b) if only + Past/Past Perfect – to express regret

If only he didn’t drive so fast. (= we are sorry he drives so fast)

If only you hadn't said that. (= we are sorry you said that)

If only I knew it for sure.– Ах, если бы я была в этом уверена (сейчас).

If only I had told her the truth . – Ах, если бы я сказала ей правду (в прошлом).

c) if only + would can express regret about a present action as an alternative to if only + past tense (it has the same meaning as wish + would ).

If onl y he would drive more slowly .(= we are sorry that he isn’t willing to drive more slowly).

I wish

Wish expresses present, future, and past situations.

Here is a summary of patterns using wish :

I wish he came . – Хорошо бы он пришёл.

I wish you knew him . – Жаль, что вы его не знаете.

I wish you had come . – Жаль, что вы не пришли.

E X E R C I S E S

1. Match the comments with the answers .

2. Write sentences with ‘I wish’.

Model: It’s raining very hard. ® I wish it weren’t raining so hard.

1) We haven’t time to stop.

2) John didn’t pass the exam.

3) It’s very cold in here.

4) There’s no time to spare.

5) George won’t help.

6) Mary didn’t come.

7) I didn’t see the match last week.

8) I can’t give up smoking.

9) Tina can’t come to the party.

10) She doesn’t know anything about cars.

11) I’m not lying on a sunny beach.

12) I hate having to do homework every night.

13) I decided to work in London.

14) We sold the house we had in Manchester.

15) We didn’t realize that a supermarket was opening nearby.

16) We put our money into a grocery shop.

17) We borrowed $3.000 to start the business.

18) It was a mistake to leave Manchester.

3. Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation write a sentence with ‘I wish’.

Model: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.

You say I wish I hadn’t eaten so much .

1) There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

You say: I wish I ____ .

2) When you were younger, you didn’t learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

You say: ____ .

3) You’ve painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn’t look very nice.

You say: ____ .

4) You have some unexpected guests. They didn’t tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.

You say (to yourself): ____ .

5) You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your camera.

You say: ____ .

4. Express wishes and regrets about these situations. Refer to yourself where possible.

Model: You’re not very fit. I wish/If only/I was/were fit/fitter!

1) It’s very hot today.

2) It’s raining.

3) You were too impatient.

4) You wasted a lot of time watching TV.

5) John didn’t take your advice.

6) We didn’t lock the back door!

7) Jane has read your letter.

8) He is abroad.

9) They don’t have a lot of friends.

5. Complain about the present situation and express your wish about some future actions. Begin your sentences with ‘if only’ or ‘I wish’.

Model: You don’t expect your headache to go away.

I wish my headache would go away. (If only my headache went away)

1) You don’t expect the weather to clear up.

2) You don’t expect the Rescue Services to arrive soon.

3) Some economists don’t expect tight monetary and fiscal policies to keep inflation under control.

4) You don’t expect this company despite of its small financial backing to be the first to crack.

5) You don’t expect your wife to be promoted soon.

6) You don’t expect your boss to think of this possibility for you.

7) You don’t expect Steve to be more careful.

6. Read a situation and then write a sentence with ‘I wish ... would’ .... .

Model: It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. So you want it to stop raining. What did you say? I wish it would stop raining.

1) You’re waiting for Tom. He’s late and you’re getting impatient. You want him to come. What do you say?

I wish ___

2) A baby is crying and you’re trying to sleep. You want the baby to stop crying. What do you say?

I wish ___

3) You’re looking for a job – so far without success. You want somebody to give you a job. What do you say?

I wish somebody ___

4) Brian has been wearing the same old clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes and you want him to buy some. What do you say to him?

I wish ___

5) Tom drives very fast. You don’t like this. What do you say to him?

I wish ___

6) A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. What do you say?

I wish ___

7) Jack always leaves the door open. You don’t like this. What do you say to him?

I wish ____

7. Here are some problems in brackets. How could they have been avoided? Use the words and phrases to help you write two sentences about each problem using I wish and If only .

play fewer computer games, keep calm, eat less, walk more, lose temper, use bins, match less TV, use car less often, save water, let someone else drive, waste water, take more exercise, protect forest, drive carefully, recycle more paper, take rubbish home

1) (I’ve gained a lot of weight)

I wish ___

If only ___

2) (The rivers and reservoirs have dried up)

I wish ___

If only ___

3) (He crashed his car)

I wish ___

If only ___

4) (He had a row with his best friend)

I wish ___

If only ___

5) (People drop litter in the street)

I wish ___

If only ___

6) (We are cutting down too many trees)

I wish ___

If only ___

7) (People use their cars when they don’t need to)

I wish ___

If only ___

8) (Children don’t read enough nowadays)

I wish ___

If only ___

8. Translate into English:

1) Если бы я был моложе!

2) Жаль, что и вчера у меня было мало времени!

3) Ах, если бы вы сказали ей об этом в прошлое воскресенье!

4) Жаль, что уже поздно туда идти.

5) Как жаль, что мы не застали Сью дома.

6) Мы сожалеем, что у Вас мало опыта в этой области.

7) Даже если бы он сдал экзамен, он бы не поехал в Москву.

8) Она сожалела, что не рассказала Вам эту историю раньше.

9) Мы бы хотели, чтобы Вы упомянули эти факты.

10) Хорошо бы у нас сейчас были каникулы!

11) Даже если бы сейчас шёл дождь, я бы поехал навестить больного друга.

12) Жаль, что уже заняты все вакантные места.

13) Хорошо бы Вы написали ей об этом сами.

14) Жаль, что Вы не обратили внимание на его предупреждение.

15) Жаль, что ты не воспользовался этой возможностью.

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1) I ___ (tell) you if I hear from him.

2) If I ___ (understand) the question, I might be able to answer it.

3) If she’d passed her exams, she ___ (go) to university.

4) We ___ (miss) the lecture unless we hurry.

5) He ___ (buy) a car provided that he passes his driving test.

6) The teacher ___ (not/shout) at her if she did her homework.

7) I ___ (run) home if I’d known the football match was on TV.

8) The animals at the zoo ___ (die) unless they’re fed.

9) He’ll be furious if he ever ___ (find out) about this.

2. Match the parts of the sentence.

3. Fill in: if, unless, provided or as long.

1) You will not be allowed into the building ___ you have a security pass.

2) ___ that you book your flight early, you will get a seat.

3) ___ as you follow the instructions exactly, you won’t have any difficulty.

4) ___ you meet Darren, give him my regards.

5) You can hire a car in France ___ as you have a driving licence and you’re over 23.

6) You can’t enter the country ___ you have a passport.

7) The kidnappers won’t release the child ___ the ransom is paid.

4. Complete the sentences using these words and phrases.

was, leaving, can’t, might, starts, am, would be, become, take, should

1) If I ___ not busy, I’ll visit you.

2) If he ___ careful, he wouldn’t break things.

3) If he were slimmer, he ___ much more attractive.

4) If she ___ Prime Minister, she’ll raise taxes.

5) Unless you stop wasting time, I’m ___ right now.

6) If you don’t give me more information, I ___ help you.

7) If a fire ___, the alarm goes off.

8) You ___ make your food if you don’t like my cooking.

9) ___ more exercises and you’ll soon feel better.

10) If the weather improved, I ___ go for a stroll.

5. Complete these sentences to make appropriate Third Conditional or Mixed Conditional sentences, using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1) If I ___ (visit) Athens last year, I ___ (phone) you.

2) If only I ___ (know) you already had tickets, I ___ (not get) any for you.

3) If you ___ (start) coming to the course earlier, you ___ (could pass) the exam.

4) If I ___ (not be) so shy at the party last Sunday, I ___ (might make) more friends.

5) If you ___ (not spend) so much money, I ___ (not be) angry now.

6) I ___ (could become) an accountant if I ___ (be) good at maths.

7) She ___ (get) promotion last year if she ___ (not argue) with the boss.

8) He ___ (not get) the job, if he ___ (not wear) a tie.

9) If I ___ (meet) you before, my life ___ (be) different.

10) If he ___ (not see) the other car, there ___ (be) a serious accident.

6. Complete these conditional sentences in any way appropriate.

1) Had I know you were angry with me, ___.

2) He’ll receive it tomorrow ___.

3) She will feel much better ___.

4) ___ provided it’s cheap enough.

5) If the ship had arrived punctually, ___.

6) Unless we loose our way, ___.

7) I would never have done such a thing ___.

8) If it weren’t the wrong advice they gave me, ___.

9) Should the flight be cancelled, ___.

10) My sister would go out every evening ___.

7. Join the clauses in column A with those in column B to make eight logical sentences.

8. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause .

1) If I found a gun in the street, ___.

2) You wouldn’t have been punished ___.

3) If you drink all that juice, ___.

4) If you drive too fast, ___.

5) Unless the weather improves, ___.

6) If you should see Mark this evening, ___.

7) My father would have bought me a bicycle, ___.

8) If you had taken my advice, ___.

9) He would have been angry ___.

10) If you aren’t enjoying the film, ___.

9. Write sentences as in the model.

1) You went to bed late and didn’t wake up in time for work.

2) You want to go to safari park with Michael, but you’re afraid of lions.

3) You would like to write a letter to Fred but you don’t have his address.

4) You went skiing and broke your leg.

5) You didn’t go to the concert because you didn’t know about it.

6) You have to stay in bed because you’ve got the flu.

7) You are lost in London because you don’t have a map.

10. Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Roger: Where’s your key?

Diana: What do you mean? You’ve got a key, haven’t you?

Roger: (1) If I ___ (get) mine, I ___ (not need) yours, would I?

Diana: No, I haven’t got mine.

Roger : But I told you to bring it.

Diana: No, you didn’t.

Roger: Yes, I did. (2) If you ___ (listen) , you ___ (hear) me.

Diana: Well, I don’t remember you telling me. Anyway, I couldn’t find it.

Roger : You mean, you’ve lost it again?

Diana: Not really. It’s at home somewhere. (3) I ___ (have) time to look for if we ___ (not leave) in such a hurry.

Roger: That’s not the point. (4) If you ___ (be) more organized, you ___ (not keep on) losing it in the first place!

Diana: That’s not fair. I don’t keep on losing it. Anyway, what are you going to do now? We haven’t got a key.

Roger: I don’t know. I suppose we’ll have to break a window.

Diana: You can’t do that! (5) If the neighbours ___ (hear) you, they ___ (think) we’re burglars!

Roger: All right then! There’s a small window open in the bathroom. (6) If you ___ (stand) on my shoulders, you ___ (be) able to reach and then you can climb in.

Diana: I’m not going to stand on your shoulders. I might fall off!

Roger: Don’t be silly! (7) If I ___ (hold) your legs, you ___ (be) quite safe.

Diana : I still don’t like it!

Roger: Look! (8) I ___ (climb) in myself, if I ___ (can) get through the window, but I can’t. I’m too big. You’ll have to do it.

Diana : (9) But if someone ___ (see) me, they ___ (call) the police!

Roger: For goodness sake! (10) It ___ (make) things a lot easier if you ___ (not worry) about other people! Now, are you ready?

Diana: O.K.

Roger: All right?

Diana: (11) If you ___ (move) a bit closer, I ___ (be) able to reach. Oh! Not so fast! Roger! Oh!!

Roger: Now look what you’ve done! You’ve put your foot through the window!

Diana : Roger! There’s something I’ve got to tell you!

Roger: Honestly, can’t you do anything right? (12) If you ___ (not be) so careless, you ___ (not break) it!

Diana: Roger, listen! I hate to tell you, but this isn’t our house!

11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form .

Norma isn’t happy with her life. If she (1) ___ (listen) to her mother’s advice, she (2) ___ (stay) at school and gone on to University. She (3) ____ (can/find) a good job if she had got a degree. Norma hates the job she is doing now. She thinks she (4) ___ (go) crazy if she (5) ___ (stay) there much longer. If she (6) ___ (be) offered another job, she would take immediately. In fact, she (7) ___ (leave) if she (8) ___ (can) afford to, but she can’t. Life (9) ___ (be) easier if she (10) ___ (not/have) two children to support.

12. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.

Having a Wonderful Time! Wish You Were Here!

While trying to sail round the world in a small boat, Harry Sandy and Joe were shipwrecked one night. “I wish there (1) (be) ___ was/were an island nearby”, Harry said. By morning, they were washed up on to a desert island. For six months they lived on fish, nuts and fruit. One day they saw a bottle on the shore. “If only it (2) ___ (contain) a note or something!” Sandy said. They opened it and a genie appeared. “It’s high time someone (3) ___ (open) that bottle!” the genie gasped. “I’m so grateful, I’ll give you one wish each. You first”, the genie said, pointing to Harry. “That’s easy”, Harry said. “I wish I (4) ___ (be) with my family?. And (whoosh!)he disappeared. “He too”, Sandy said. “If only I (5) ___ (can be) in dear old Glasgow”. And (whoosh!) off he went. “And you, sir?” the genie asked Joe. “I wish I (6) ___ (have) my friends back!” Joe said.

13. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.

Harry and Sheila, a husband and wife, are talking.

H. Shall I make the children something to eat?

S. I wouldn’t bother. You know how much they eat when they visit their grandparents.

H. That’s true. If they (1) ___ (eat) all afternoon, they (2) ___ (not want) anything when they get home.

S. Are we going to pick them up soon?

H. No, my parents are bringing them over. We agreed that if I (3) ___ (take) them there, they (4) ___ (bring) them back.

S. Oh good. Well, if we (5) ___ (not collect) them, I (6) ___ (go back) upstairs and do a bit more work. I’ve nearly finished that report now. If I (7) ___ (do) another half hour’s work, I (8) ___ (finish) it by the time the children get home.

H. Why do you always have to bring work home with you? If you (9) ___ (not agree) to take on that new job, you (10) ___ (have) much more free time now.

S. Yes, and if I (11) ___ (not take on) that job, we (12) ___ (not have) much money now.

H. That’s true, but I don’t like you working so much.

S. Well, never mind. We’ve got a week’s holiday soon. Just think! In two week’s time we (13) ___ (lie) on a warm sunny beach that’s if I (14) ___ (can get) the time off work of course.

H. What do you mean ‘if’?

S. Well, everything’s very busy at the moment. And if we (15) ___ (get) any more orders, I just (16) ___ (not see) how I can leave the office.

H. What? But that’s ridiculous!

14. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negative.

1) Peter is always late. If only he ___ (turn up) on time for a change.

2) If only ___ (lose) all my money. Now I’m broke.

3) Bruce wishes he ___ (have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.

4) I wish it ___ (snow) now that it’s Christmas.

5) I wish you ___ (keep) your mouth shut yesterday. Now Mary knows everything.

6) Of course Tom wishes he ___ (come) with us Paris, but he has to stay here and work.

7) I wish we ___ (go) to the match on Saturday, but we’re visiting my uncle instead.

8) I wish you ___ (do) that. It annoys me.

9) I wish you ___ (stop) watching TV while I am talking to you.

10) I wish ___ (come) so we could go off to the seaside.

15. Write a sentence about each problem using I wish or if only and the word in brackets.

1) People leave the tap running all the time. (turn off)

2) Your brother is very angry. (calm down)

3) The people next door have their TV on very loud. (turn down)

4) Too much rubbish is thrown away. (recycle)

5) People hurt animals for sport. (stop)

6) Your friend keeps complaining about everything all the time. (stop)

7) It doesn’t rain enough. (more)

8) The postman hasn’t arrived and I’m waiting for an important letter. (arrive)

9) Your favorite football team has lost every match so far. (win)

Writing Activity

Read the following letter, then rewrite it using wishes and conditionals.

Dear Anyone,

I am on an island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. I’ve been here for a week. I lost my watch in the sea so I don’t know what time it is. Going on that cruise was the worst thing I’ve ever done. I’m not a good swimmer so I couldn’t reach the lifeboat when the ship sank. I’ve thought about making a raft to sail away from the island, but I don’t know which way to go. There is no one to talk to here. I feel so lonely! I haven’t got a walkman so I can’t listen to music. The only thing to eat is fish and I don’t like fish! I didn’t bring a knife with me so I can’t build a shelter. I hope someone will find me soon!

Oral Activity

The students in two teams read the text and in turn make Conditionals. Each correct sentence gets 1 point.

One night Paul was bored so he decided to go to the cinema. But the cinema was full because the film was very popular. Paul’s friend lives near the cinema so he went to visit him. When he arrived, he heard his friend shouting for help. The door was open so Paul was able to get into the house. His friend has been painting and had fallen off the step-ladder. His leg was broken so he couldn’t move. It was lucky that the cinema was full and Paul called round on him.

Teacher: If Paul hadn’t been bored, he wouldn’t have decided to go to the cinema.

Team A S1: If the film hadn’t been popular, the cinema wouldn’t have been full. etc.

PROGRESS TEST

1. Choose the correct answer.

1) If she … not so slowly she would enjoy the party.

2) If you … my library book I will have to buy a new one.

3) If she … you were in hospital she would have visited you.

4) I wish I … rich.

5) I wish I … his opinion before.

6) I wish I … to the Tower when I was in London.

7) I wish I … much yesterday.

8) If she … not so slowly she would enjoy the party.

2. Match the two parts of the sentences.

3. Correct the errors, if necessary.

19) If I knew her well I will visit her.

20) If I were you I would have visited Jane yesterday.

21) If I have a computer I would learn Computer Studies.

22) If the weather would be nice tomorrow we'll go on excursion.

23) You did not miss the plane if you had taken a taxi.

24) I wish you have a car.

25) I wish things were different in the past.

26) I wish the weather were warmer.

27) I wish I did not decide to work in New York.

28) I wish I did not go to bed early yesterday.

4. Complete the following radio programme by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

5. Make up sentences.

53) She / it / so / have / had / fallen / slippery / been / wouldn't / if / not

54) had / I / you / chosen / would / I / have / If / been / green / been / the / one

55) lot / if / would / trained / the / they / have / had / Our / won / a / team / game

56) would / to / ill / place / have / your / if / been / had / He / come / not / he

57) lay / would / gone /country / had / if / not / a / have / it / I / the / been / nasty / to

58) it / were / wish / now / summer / I

59) I / had / I / been / wish / so / not / modest

60) redundant / been / made / If / I / only / hadn't

6. Translate into English.

61) Если бы ты не был так занят, мы бы пошли куда-нибудь пообедать.

62) Я бы никогда не подумал, что это возможно, если бы не увидел это своими глазами.

63) О, если бы он был здесь.

64) Такая странная мысль никогда не пришла бы мне в голову, если бы не подозрительное поведение этого человека.

65) Если бы не Вы, я бы никогда не написал бы эту статью.

66) Я бы теперь чувствовал себя так неловко, если бы последовал советам этого человека.

67) Если бы не ты, я бы никогда не справился с этой работой.

68) Даже если бы я хранила письма, я бы никогда не показывала их тебе.

69) Если бы он знал, что ты находишься сейчас в больнице, он бы навестил тебя.

70) Я обязательно передам ему все новости, как только увижу его.

71) При условии, что ты будешь больше заниматься языком, ты добьёшься больших успехов.

72) На вашем месте, я бы всегда разговаривал по-английски.

73) Будь я там, я бы позвонил Анне.

74) Если я увижу Кон, я попрошу её позвонить тебе.

75) Если бы вы знали, что пойдёт дождь, вам следовало бы взять с собой зонтик.

76) Чарльз написал бы вам, если бы ему был известен ваш адрес.

77) Если бы вы не позвонили Кэрол, всё было бы в порядке.

78) Жаль, что мы пришли так поздно.

79) Даже если бы она сдала экзамен на плохую отметку, она бы всё равно поехала с нами.

80) Сью выглядела бы более привлекательной, если бы изменила причёску.

81) На вашем месте, я бы не ездил туда.

82) Жаль, что ты не воспользовался этой возможностью.

83) Вы бы не опоздали на поезд, если бы взяли такси.

84) – Что ты собираешься делать завтра? – Если завтра будет хорошая погода, то мы поедем на пляж.

85) Он не придёт, если его сестре не станет лучше.

86) Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не потерял свои книги.

87) Даже если бы он сдал экзамен, он бы не пошёл с нами в театр.

88) Мы бы не пошли в этот магазин, если бы знали цены.

89) Элис не делала бы мне такие подарки, если бы не любила меня.

90) Что бы ты купил, если бы тебе дали тысячу долларов?

91) Жаль, что все билеты в театр уже проданы.

92) Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы проверил факты до того как написал письмо.

93) Ты увидишь его вместе с Паулой, если задержишься на некоторое время.

94) Ты бы никогда не поступил на исторический факультет, если бы не любил историю.

95) Я смогу купить эти книги при условии, что ты отдолжишь мне деньги.

96) Жаль, что она не сможет поехать с нами в Лондон.

97) Вам следовало бы сказать им правду. У вас не было бы таких неприятностей.

98) Если бы ты слушала своего отца, ты бы не попала в беду.

99) Жаль, что мои родители не увидят этого.

100) При условии, что мой сын будет учиться хорошо, я куплю ему новый велосипед.

Total: 100/ ______

Sequence of Tenses and REPORTED SPEECH

ENTRY TEST

Unit 1

1. Open the brackets using the correct tense form.

1) We were not sure that Linda would find Mary. We were afraid she (not, know) her address.

2) I didn’t introduce Paul to Katherine. I was sure they (know) each other.

3) Galileo proved that the Earth (move) round the Sun.

4) The Campbells were away. We learnt that they (travel) about Wales.

5) My friend called on me yesterday. He boasted he (get) two tickets for the match.

6) They’ve just announced that the exam in Economics (be put off) till the end of the next term.

7) The advertisement read that the performance (be) free, but when we got there, we found we had to pay.

8) I hoped that she (mature) as the years went by.

9) We decided that we (travel) to Venice by sea rather than go by air.

10) Mrs White was sure that she (be still working up) for that company the whole next year.

Unit 3

2. Turn the following statements into Reported Speech.

11) “There is too much violence on TV,” said Tessa.

12) “If the taxi-driver arrives late you will miss your flight,” he said to her.

13) “I would travel abroad if I had enough money,” said Sam.

14) “I’ve been shopping. I bought you a nice pair of shoes,” Mrs Brown said to her husband.

15) “I have eaten nothing for two days, I’m dying of hunger,” he said to her.

16) “The Earth is a planet,” she said.

17) “I’ve been training hard recently,” he told the reporters.

18) “While the workers were repairing the roof, they broke the bathroom window,” she complained.

19) “I think I failed the Intelligence Test,” Jim said.

20) “You never listen to me, Sarah,” he complained.

21) “Those are the boys who chased me,” Olivia said.

22) “She has been waiting for a long time,” she said.

23) “We came by car,” they said.

24) “I’ve finished the letters you asked me to write,” Margaret said.

25) “My money had run out,” she said to her husband.

26) “I have been waiting for you in the hall,” he said to her.

27) “I’m going to Lancaster in May,” he said to me today.

28) “I went to a bullfight during my stay in Spain,” she said to him.

29) “I try to avoid working overtime,” he said.

30) “The baby will probably be walking and talking by the next time you come,” she said to him.

31) “I’m going to tell the whole story to the police,” she said to him.

32) “I’ve bought a present for you,” he said.

33) “My friend collects unusual ashtrays,” he said.

34) “We will get on well together,” she said to me.

35) “That was a wonderful party,” said Martin.

Unit 4

3. Report the following questions.

36) “Have you ever been to Europe?” he inquired.

37) “How long are you planning to stay in Britain?” he asked her.

38) “How much money have you brought for your stay?” he asked.

39) “Who paid the bill?” she asked me.

40) “Have you heard the news on the radio?” she inquired.

41) “Which countries will John be visiting?” she asked him.

42) “Where does John’s sister work?” she asked him.

43) “Will you be coming to the concert or not?” she wanted to know.

44) “Why are those old men singing?” he asked her.

45) “What made her smile?” he requested.

46) “What was she holding in her left hand?” he asked.

47) “What’s your husband interested in?” she asked her.

48) “Do you like the boy that is talking to Julia ?” he asked.

49) “Has Bill shown the kitchen plans to you yet?” she asked him.

50) “What are you doing these days?” he asked me.

51) “How long have you both been living here?” he asked.

52) “Who left the bag here?” he asked him.

53) “What will you be doing this time tomorrow?” he asked her.

54) “When will we know the exam results,” she asked the teacher.

55) “Where do you get your daily paper?” he asked.

56) “What makes a noise like that?” he wondered.

57) “Did you have a long argument on this point?” he asked.

58) “Which newspaper carried the article?” she asks.

59) “Did the boys look smart in their school uniforms?” she asked him.

60) “You don’t like Chinese food, do you?” he asked.

Unit 5

4. Report the following commands, requests, and suggestions. Change an introductory verb, if necessary.

61) “We’ll pay for the damage,” they told us.

62) “Don’t forget to do the washing-up,” Mum said to me.

63) “We should send some money to David,” he proposed.

64) “I’ll definitely finish the work by the end of the week,” he said.

65) “Could I speak to the manager, please?” he said.

66) “Don’t throw old wine away, you can always use it for cooking,” she said.

67) “To make tea taste better, warm the tea-leaves before you use them,” she advised.

68) “I think you had better phone the police,” she told him.

69) “Come and see me after the lecture,” the professor said to the student.

70) “I really must have a rest,” Laura said.

71) “All right. I won’t talk about tennis,” Paul said to his friends.

72) “Do have a drink,” Clara told us.

73) “Shall I talk to him?” he asked.

74) “Why don’t you come to the mountains with me next weekend?” he said to her.

75) “Please, don’t tell mother,” she begged him.

76) “You lied to me,” Frank said to Ann.

77) “Don’t ever offer a cigar to Al,” he said to Jim.

78) “I wonder if you could pass the spinach to me?” she said to him.

79) “I’ll punish you if you behave badly,” Dad told the boy.

80) “I’m sorry I forgot to call you,” Steve said.

81) “I’m the best volleyball player in the school,” Martin told me.

82) “Drive carefully,” she told him.

83) “Yes, I took the documents,” she told him.

84) “Shall I help you with the cooking?” she said.

85) “Stand to attention!” he commanded the soldiers.

Unit 6

5. Turn the following sentences with the modals into Reported Speech.

86) “You should do as you are told,” she said.

87) “How should I have answered?” he said.

88) “We can meet next week,” she told him.

89) “I may call you,” she said to them.

90) “How shall I start the investigation?” he asked them.

91) “Shall I carry the bag for you?” he said.

92) “You must be back at ten sharp,” she told him.

93) “He must be a liar,” she said.

94) “You needn’t feed the dog. I’ve already done it,” he said.

95) “You had better phone him,” she said.

96) “I could run very fast when I was a boy,” he said.

97) “You may leave early,” he told her.

98) “One day I’ll be able to afford a car,” she said.

99) “You ought to send them a letter of apology,” he said.

100) “Did you have to walk all the way home?” he asked her.

Total: 100/_______

Unit 1 SEQUENCE OF TENSES

By the term sequence of tenses is meant the relationship of tense forms of verbs in a sentence.

The verb of a subordinate clause is made to agree with a principal verb according to the following rules :

1. Principal verbs in the present or the future tenses take subordinate verbs in any tense :

He says he has to go/ will go / had to go .

He will understand that he has been in the wrong/was in the wrong.

2. Principal verbs in the past-time tenses should be followed by subordinate verbs that denote past time (Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, Past Continuous or Future-in-the-Past):

He said he had to go/ would go .

He said that he had won .

He had tried hard in order that he might win.

3. If the subordinate clause expresses a general truth – a fact that is true for all time – a past tense in a principal clause may be followed by a present tense in a subordinate clause:

John said that Minsk is the capital of Belarus.

The rules of Sequence of Tenses are not characteristic of Russian, and these differences in the language systems cause some problems in translation. Cf.:

He said (that) Mary translate d Он сказал , что Мэри переводит

articles without a dictionary. статьи без словаря.

He said (that) Mary was translating Он сказал , что Мэри переводит

the article in her room. статью в своей комнате.

He said (that) Mary would give me Он сказал, что Мэри даст ему

the article when she translated it. статью , когда она ее

переведет.

Он сказал , что пишет ей письма He said ( that ) he wrote to her daily .

каждый день.

Он сказал , что он сейчас ей пишет He said (that) he was writing a letter

письмо. to her.

Он сказал, что он написал ей He said ( that ) he had written to

об этом. her about it.

The rules of Sequence of Tenses are especially active in Reported Speech when speakers need to introduce grammatical changes to show the differences between their current situation and the situation they are reporting.

Besides the change of the tense forms there are some other special strategies in indirect speech: changing time and place references, personal pronouns and reporting verbs. The basic rules for forming indirect, or Reported Speech are presented below.

E x e r c i s e s

1.Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

1) I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry.

2) I didn’t know that you already (to wind) up the clock.

3) I was afraid that the little girl (not be able) to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her.

4) Mark understood why Tom (not to come) the previous evening.

5) He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) six.

6) They realized that they (to lose) their way in the dark.

7) When the bus (to stop) I (to look) out of the window but (not to see) my brother there. I (to send) him a telegram and I (to think) that he (to meet) me.

8) I found out that he (not to know) German at all.

9) I learnt that my cousin (to receive) a very interesting offer from his firm.

10) My niece wrote in her letter that she (to come) to stay with us.

11) I think the weather (to be) fine next week. I hope it (not to change) for the worse.

12) She hoped that her boyfriend (to come) to see her.

13) I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately.

14) When I came to the station I saw my cousin. I understood that he (to miss) the 6 o’clock train.

15) We didn’t know where our friends (to go) every evening.

16) Shakespeare wrote that all the world (to be) a stage.

2.Translate from Russian into English.

1) Простите, мы не думали, что вы ждете нас.

2) Я думаю, что вы опоздаете в кино.

3) Мы решили на прошлой неделе, что будущим летом мы все поедем на Канарские острова.

4) Я был уверен, что вы не подведете меня.

5) Я не знал, что ты уже вернулся в Манчестер.

6) Он боялся, что ему будет трудно сделать доклад.

7) Секретарь не заметил, что директор с кем-то разговаривает.

8) Когда я увидел Марту, я понял, что она чем-то расстроена. Она сказала, что заболела ее мать.

9) Я была удивлена, когда узнала, что Марк не сдал экзамен. Он говорил, что долго к нему готовился.

10) В больнице я узнал, что у меня вторая группа крови.

UNIT 2 Reported Speech. MEANING AND USE

1. Direct Speech is the exact words someone said: “I’ll go to London,” she said. Quotation marks (“…”) are used in Direct speech.

Reported Speech is the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words: She said she would go to London. Quotation marks are not used in Reported Speech.

2. The verbs most commonly used to introduce the Reported Speech are to tell and to say .

The verb tell is used to mention the hearer (the person spoke to): Sarah’s boss told her she could leave early. Daniel tells me he is ready.

The verb tell is used without an indirect object (e.g. her, me) only in the expressions tell a story, tell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell you so .

The verb say is used when one doesn’t mention the hearer: Sarah’s boss said she could leave earlier. Daniel says he is ready.

Sometimes to is used after say , especially when the words are not reported: The boss wanted to say something to Sarah. What did Matthew say to you?

3. In order to interpret what we hear or read the following verbs can be used:

Introductory verbs Direct Speech Reported Speech